<p>Lake Çöl  is a hard water lake in Turkey.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The lake is in Haymana and Bala ilçes (districts) of Ankara Province at 39&deg;18&prime;N latitude, 32&deg;54&prime;E longitude. Its birds flight distance to Ankara is about 60 km and its altitude with respect to sea level is about 1,045 m. It is situated in a closed basin and fed by a few small creeks. Its a shallow lake and the surface area fluctuates. During the rainy seasons its area is about 15 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The lake is the home or breeding area of many birds. Kentish plover, lesser short-toed lark, lesser kestrel, crane, gull-billed tern and great bustard are among the common birds of the lake. According to pre-1990 figures the number of birds of the lake exceed 76000. It has been speculated that the short wave transmitter station of Turkish Radio and Television Corporation which is situated north of the lake may reduce this number. Small skipper is the common butterfly around the lake area</p><br>
<h2>Economy of the area</h2><br>
<p>The area around the lake is salty. There are steps to the north of the lake and agricultural lands further to the north. The main products are cereal. In the plains around the lake bovine and in the hills sheep is the common livestock.</p><br>
<p>The Tithe Barn, Monk Street, Abergavenny, Monmouthshire is a tithe barn of late medieval origins which forms part of a group of historic buildings in the centre of the town. It is a Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The barn is of late-medieval origin, with a likely construction date in the 16th century. The building was constructed for the storage of tithes payable to the church authorities of the Priory Church of St Mary. Following the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th century, the barn was used for a variety of functions, including a theatre in the 17th century and a discotheque in the 20th century. operates an exhibition space in the building.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and description</h2><br>
<p>The barn is constructed of whitewashed sandstone rubble, with walls that are now significantly out of true. The architectural historian John Newman describes their present appearance as "waveringly deformed, but originally must have been quite a showpiece." The barn is of seven bays, and the original three cart-entrances have been blocked. The eaves of the roof have lines of pigeon-holes with perching ledges.</p><br>
<p>The Cornell Pulpwood Stacker is located at Millyard Park in Cornell, Wisconsin. It was utilized to move pulpwood logs into large piles so they could be sent through waterways to paper mills. The stacker operated at the Cornell Wood Products Mill from 1912 until its obsolescence in 1971. It is listed both on the National Register of Historic Places, as well as on the Wisconsin State Historical Society listing of Cornell Millyard Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Pulpwood Stacker on the east bank of the Chippewa River at Cornell, Wisconsin was manufactured to streamline the Cornell Wood Products Mill pulpwood process. It was designed by Joor Engineering Company of England and constructed on-site in 1912 by Minneapolis Tool and Machinery Company.</p><br>
<p>Wisconsin had become a major manufacturer of paper and pulpwood products in the United States by the last half of the 19th century. By extension, the timber industry was one of the state&#39;s most important employers. As the labor market changed in early part of the 20th century, employers looked towards mechanization to achieve the same results.</p><br>
<p>Timber was cut into logs at the pulpwood mill, and then stockpiled on the premises before being sent along the river to paper mills. Operating with a 35-bhp motor at a 45-degree angle,</p><br>
<p>The stacker&#39;s 36 ft wide base narrows to a 10 ft tip giving it an elongated pyramid shape. It moved logs with a wire and metal conveyor system, and expelled them through a chute. Similar to how a bridge is repaired, a catwalk along one side is provided for maintenance workers to climb up and down the equipment. It became obsolete in 1971, replaced by more economical and effective methods of moving logs. A fire two decades later destroyed most of the stacker buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Millyard Park and historic certification</h2><br>
<p>Both the stacker and land upon which it sits are now owned by the city of Cornell, which created Millyard Park to commemorate that part of the citys history. The stackers condition had deteriorated by 1991, and the city began fund raising with a goal of collecting $50,000 for needed repairs. On October 10 of that year, the Cornell City Council made application to the Wisconsin State Historical Society, and the National Register of Historic Places in an effort to qualify for matching funds. Wisconsin State Historical Society added Cornell Millyard Park to the state register of historic properties on July 9, 1993. The stacker alone was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 23, 1993. In their research into its qualifications for historic status, the National Park Service concluded that it "is possibly the only remaining structure of its kind."</p><br>
<p>A "Save the Stacker" fund was set up in Cornell, where as of 2009, it was estimated that it would take a minimum of $350,000 to clean off the rust and refinish the old equipment, a process that would require workers to climb up the left side of the 175 ft stacker at its 45-degree angle. As of 2016, the city approved $23,000 from a special fund to make needed repairs. The city&#39;s long-range goal is to raise $500,000 within the next two decades for a complete renovation.</p><br>
<h2>Citations</h2><br>
<p>The Buckingham Square District of Hartford, Connecticut encompasses a mixed residential and commercial neighorhood area just south of the city&#39;s downtown. It is centered around Buckingham Square, laid out in 1830 on the site of an early colonial-era church. The district includes a concentration of well-preserved Victorian architecture from the 1860s to 1890s. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, and slightly enlarged in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Buckingham Square area is part of Hartfords earliest settlement, with Main and Buckingham Streets appearing on maps as early as 1640. That intersection was the site of a church built in 1670 by congregants who split from the citys First Congregational Church. When that church was demolished in the early 19th century, its site became Buckingham Park. The area between the park and Main Street was built out in the second half of the 19th century with mixed commercial-residential construction, while the roads stretching westward remained predominantly residential, with mainly brick and brownstone row houses lining the streets.</p><br>
<p>The core of the historic district consists of two city blocks, bounded on the east by Main Street, the north by Capitol Avenue, the west by Hudson Street, and the south by Buckingham Street. It extends from this core to include buildings between Capitol Avenue and Linden Place, and a portion of the south side of Buckingham between John and Hudson Streets. The district was extended in 1982 to also include a single building facing Hudson Street just south of Buckingham. The buildings are stylistically diverse, with early buildings in the Italianate style, and later constructions in the Second Empire, Romanesque, and Gothic Revival.</p><br>
<p>Chuckanut Bay is a crescent-shaped bay about three miles long directly south of Bellingham, Washington USA in southwestern Whatcom County. The bay was formed along the axis of a plunging syncline during the formation of the Chuckanut Mountains . It is situated on the east shore of the Salish Sea at the southeast end of Bellingham Bay. The bay was named Puerto del Socorro by Lieut. Juan Francisco de Eliza in 1791. The present name was chosen by Capt. Henry Roeder on December 1, 1852. The name &#39;Chuckanut&#39; is derived from a native word for "Long beach far from a narrow entrance" Prominent natural features include Pleasant Bay located south of Chuckanut Bay, Mud Bay to the north and Chuckanut Island  and Chuckanut Rocks to the west. Other natural features include Teddy Bear Cove, Governors Point and Clark Point. The most prominent creeks that drain into the bay are Chuckanut Creek and Fragrance Lake Outlet. The bay is home to interesting tafoni formations found in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Communities</h2><br>
<p>Chuckanut Village, located near Mud Bay along the north shore of Chuckanut Creek, is the southern most neighborhood in Bellingham. The Chuckanut Bay Community is further south of Chuckanut Village and had a population of 60 people in the 1940s. It was centered around a ferry landing for the San Juan Islands and Sydney, BC from 1935 to 1941. After the ferry closed, the landing became the foundation for the Chuckanut Bay Yacht Club. When the yacht club closed in 1946, the clubhouse was moved to LaConner WA and is now a waterfront restaurant there.</p><br>
<p>The (CBCA) currently has a membership of over 400 households. The CBCA is a non-profit organization committed to foster a spirit of community among residents in the Chuckanut Bay and Chuckanut Mountain area. The CBCA was initially formed in 1992 to support volunteer firefighters in their district, and continues today as a non-profit organization dedicated to serving the Chuckanut community. The communities are linked to Bellingham and Burlington by State Route 11, also known as Chuckanut Drive.</p><br>
<p>(CBA) is a community association that shares five beaches among their membership. CBA was originally incorporated in 1954 as Chuckanut Beaches Inc. and was reincorporated in 1994 as Chuckanut Beaches Association. The five Chuckanut beaches were deeded from the Charles F. Larrabee estate (Larrabee State Park donor) to Chuckanut Beaches, Inc. in 1954. The quit-claim deed states: “Said land is hereby conveyed for park, boat haven, beach and playground purposes, or for one or more of the aforesaid purposes, but may be held in an undeveloped state by grantee, its successors or assigns”.</p><br>
<h2>Selected History</h2><br>
<p>The Chuckanut Stone Quarry was opened in 1880 and closed in 1908.</p><br>
<p>A salmon cannery opened in 1900, went bankrupt two years later, and became Astoria-Puget Sound Cannery. The cannery was moved to Excursion Outlet, Alaska after fish traps were outlawed in 1934. Old buildings were used as warehouses until 1948.</p><br>
<p>Chuckanut Mountain was logged in the 1890s and the bay was used to raft logs and to load ships.</p><br>
<p>Three and four masted sailing ships were built in the bay in the early 1900s.</p><br>
<p>A brick and tile plant was opened in 1915 and ran for several years before it shut down.</p><br>
<p>Moonshiners and rum runners used the bay during prohibition.</p><br>
<p>Coal was mined and stone quarried on the west side of Governors Point in 1921.</p><br>
<p>Pleasant Bay was used to overwinter moored sailing ships in 1902.</p><br>
<p>A chicken ranch was operated from 1936 to 1964</p><br>
<p>– Source:</p><br>
<p>Chuckanut Bay.jpgLooking West/South West With Northern End of Governor&#39;s Point and Eastern Shore of Lummi Island</p><br>
<p>Chuckanut Island and Lion Rock.jpgNorthern End of Chuckanut Island Looking West Towards Portage Island</p><br>
<p>Chuckanut Rock.jpgChuckanut Rock in Western Portion of Chuckanut Bay</p><br>
<p>The Red Fox Inn, also known as the Horton Bay House, is a building, originally, a boardinghouse, located at 05156 Boyne City Road in Horton Bay, Michigan. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. The inn is mentioned in Ernest Hemingways short story, "Up in Michigan," and tradition has it that the inns proprietor during the 1910s and 20s, Vollie Fox, taught Hemingway how to fish.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1870, Horton Bay&#39;s founder Samuel Horton established a homestead at this site. In 1876, Alonzo J. Stroud and William H. Ohle set up a sawmill near here and were soon employing up to 30 workers. With the influx of workers, Horton Bay quickly grew into a small community, and the need for a general store and other services soon became apparent. William H. Ohle withdrew from the sawmill business and concentrated on real estate and construction in the new community. Ohle supervised the construction of many early buildings in the community These includied the Horton Bay General Store, as well as the next-door boardinghouse (now the Red Fox Inn) in about 1878.</p><br>
<p>The boardinghouse soon acquired the name "Horton Bay House," and it served as a boardinghouse for millworkers, and as a hotel for transients. The boardinghouse function lasted until the mill closed in 1890. Although the Horton Bay House still operated as a hotel, the transient population was declining, and much of the space was rented to local families on a long-term basis. During this time, the house was owned by James Dilworth, who had been a blacksmith at the sawmill. In 1910, Dilworth sold the building to James Wixham Fox, the local highway commissioner, and his wife Mary. James Fox died in 1914, and in 1915 Mary signed over the property to her son Vollie Fox.</p><br>
<p>In 1919, Vollie Fox and his wife Lizzie Spura Fox established a restaurant in the building, the Red Fox Inn. As the automobile became more pervasive, this area of northwestern lower Michigan was becoming a popular summer tourist destination, and the Red Fox Inn catered to the burgeoning tourist trade. Vollie Fox died in 1947 and Lizzie Spura Fox, became the sole owner. In 1955, Lizzie Fox sold the Red Fox Inn to her daughter, Marian Ruth Fox Hartwell. Hartwell owned the Inn until 1984, when she sold it to her son, James Vol Hartwell. The restaurant in the building remained in operation until the 1970s. After that time, the Red Fox Inn served as a bed-and-breakfast, operating during the summer months.</p><br>
<p>The Red Fox Inn also served as a local products store, including Ernest Hemingway memorabilia. James Vol Hartwell died in 2015, and the building and store passed to his children, Ernest and Prudence Hartwell.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Red Fox Inn is a two-story, side-gable, white-painted building constructed in a later 19th century vernacular style. It is clad with clapboard with narrow cornerboards, and has projecting eaves with plain raking cornices. A screened-in porch runs the width of the front.</p><br>
<p>The interior has three large dining rooms on the first floor, as well as a series of kitchen rooms added in stages from about 1919 to 1935. The second story contains four guest rooms, a parlor, and a bathroom. The third floor is a long, unfinished stand-up attic. The entire house has the original woodwork, as well as the original paneled doors, knobs and hinges.</p><br>
<p>The Horton Bay General Store is a school building located at 04991 Boyne City-Charlevoix Road in Horton Bay, Michigan. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>What is now Bay Township, Michigan was part of Evangeline Township, established in 1855. However, settlement of the township was sparse until the early 1870s, when the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad constructed a line to Petoskey. During the 1872/73 school year, the county was split into four school districts; District Number 3 included the area around what is now Horton Bay. During the 1877/75 school year, a log schoolhouse was built at the corner of what are today Sumner and Camp Daggett roads, about a mile east of Horton Bay. The log schoolhouse served District Number 3 until the 1885/86 school year.</p><br>
<p>During the 1885/86 school year, District Number 3 spent $627.43 to construct this school, then located at the corner of Camp Sherwood and Zenith Heights roads, two miles east of Horton Bay. Around the same time, another frame schoolhouse was constructed for District Number 2, and located on this site. In 1887, Bay Township was carved out of Evangeline Township, with the former Evangeline Township School Districts 2 and 3 becoming the new Bay Township School Districts 2 and 3. This building served the students of Bay Township School District 3 until 1943, when the district was consolidated with the Boyne City schools.</p><br>
<p>However, in the mid-1940s, the schoolhouse used by Bay Township School District 2 burned, and classes were held in the township hall for two years. In the later 1940s, the Boyne City School District auctioned off the old Bay Township School District 3 building, and Bay Township School District 2 submitted the winning bid. This building was moved to Horton Bay, to the site of the burned school. It continued to serve the students of Bay Township School District 2 until 1963, when this district was also consolidated into a neighboring district.</p><br>
<p>After being closed as a school, the building became the property of the nearby Horton Bay United Methodist Church, who used it as a parish house. However, the building became used less and less, and by the early 2000s, the church considered selling the building for removal from the site. A Horton Bay Schoolhouse Restoration Committee was established to raise funds and restore the building.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Horton Bay School is a single story, gable-front building with an open square-plan and a pyramid-roof cupola containing a large bell. The walls are white-painted and clapboarded walls. The front of the building has an open shed-roof porch, and the rear has a low hip-roof woodshed projection.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the school has an entry vestibule flanked with boys and girls cloakrooms. Exits from the cloakrooms lead to the single large schoolroom, at the back of which are small paneled doors for the girls and boys toilets, and another door leading to the woodshed. The walls have three-foot high wainscoting, and slate blackboards line one wall.</p><br>
<p>El Temblor is an archaeological site in Petén Department, Guatemala which was once the location of a settlement of the Maya civilization. First recorded in 1974 by Ian Graham of Harvard University&#39;s Peabody Museum, the little-known site represents a medium-sized and compact settlement about 18 km south-south-east of the ruined Mayan city of Tikal and about 13 km north-east of the ruins of Ixlu. It is situated in a wooded area called Paso del Carmen, a few kilometers east of the modern village of. It is designated TMB in the Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The ruins at El Temblor consist of at least three groups of collapsed structures or platforms on a north-south axis. The northernmost group, designated as Group A, is clustered in a wooded hilltop and includes a pyramid standing over 10 m high. A long structure similar to a palace, at least 5 m in length, is situated to its north-east. A damaged stela stands east of the pyramid.</p><br>
<p>Group B is located in a lower and flatter area to the south and includes at least five mounds or platforms. Group C is located further south along the site&#39;s main axis and comprises eight structures on a hill, possibly representing temples and palaces. A chultun, a bottle-shaped underground storage chamber, is situated to the west of Group C.</p><br>
<p>The site is unguarded and has been badly damaged by looters who have dug trenches and mutilated stelae. Around 1970, two sawn-off inscribed sides from an El Temblor stela were offered for sale by a New York City art gallery which claimed it to be of unknown provenance, presumed to be from Belize. One side was purchased by the Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. The other side was purchased privately and its whereabouts are unknown.</p><br>
<p>El Temblor has not yet been investigated archaeologically. However, its visible architectural features suggest that it dates from the Late Classic period (circa AD 600–909).</p><br>
<p>The Burch-Mitchell House, also known as Munro House or as Mitchell House, located in Thomasville, Georgia, was built in 1848. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>It was built by Robert Sims Burch using slave labor in 1856, built upon a c.1848 foundation. Its NRHP nomination describes it as "excellent" and as one of the finest cottages in Thomasville. It is a one-and-a-half-story building with a front gable second floor overhanging a front porch, supported by six square pillars. Its original detached kitchen and dining room were destroyed by a fire in 1888 and replacements were added to the main house. The house was originally set far back from the road, down a magnolia-lined lane, but it was moved forward to its existing location. The kitchen and dining room portion is now used as a house on an adjacent lot. The property was bought by the Mitchell family after the American Civil War and remained in that family for more than 90 years, until purchased by the Rev. and Mrs. B.G. Munro.</p><br>
<p>The first floor front of the house has four double-hung windows and a Greek Revival-style doorway with sidelights, transom, fluted pilasters, and paneled door. The pediment above has two windows off an unfinished attic space. The interior, as of 1969, had almost all of its original Greek Revival style woodwork, which was of high quality.</p><br>
<p>The East Main Street Commercial Historic District in Statesboro, Georgia is a historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. It then included 16 contributing buildings: all eight buildings comprising the north side of East Main Street on the block from Siebold Street to Oak Street , and eight buildings on the south side of that block, from Oak Street returning to an alley before Siebold Street is reached .</p><br>
<p>The three-story Beaux Arts-style Bank of Statesboro building at East Main and Siebold is one of two "outstanding" buildings in the district (it is now an art gallery). It has Ionic columns at its main entrance and Corinthian pilasters on its second and third floors. The other is the Art Moderne Georgia Theatre (1936) (now named the Emma Kelly Theater).</p><br>
<p>Statesboro was the subject of a wider survey of historic resources completed at the same time as the NRHP nomination for the district.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel Reichert is a historic hotel building in Long Prairie, Minnesota, United States. It was built from 1902 to 1903 to provide first-class accommodations as well as commercial space. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 for having local significance in the theme of commerce. It was nominated for its role in the development and growth of Long Prairie.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Hotel Reichert is a two-story brick building on the northeast corner of an intersection in the heart of Long Prairie&#39;s original business district. It measures 141 ft by 107 ft, with an indentation from the north end giving it a "U" shape from above.</p><br>
<p>The hotel entrance was on the west façade, with the lobby, dining room, and a caretaker&#39;s apartment on the ground floor and all the guest rooms on the upper floor. The south façade offered ground-floor access to three separate retail spaces. To help visitors distinguish which entrance was which, a stone panel over the west entrance reads "Reichert Hotel" while the panel over the south entrance reads "Reichert Building".</p><br>
<p>The exterior is styled in a simple, commercial version of Neoclassical architecture. Both street façades are symmetrical, with centered entryways topped by oriel windows on the second floor and triangular pediments on the roofline. The west entrance is recessed behind a three-arch loggia. The arches are supported by polished granite columns with sandstone capitals. Three arched windows to the north—which look into what was originally the hotel dining room—match the decorative brickwork around the loggia arches. The south entrance is characterized by a horizontal entablature supported by four Tuscan order pilasters.</p><br>
<p>The ground-floor windows—situated by the caretaker&#39;s apartment at the northwest corner and across the rear façade—have shallow segmental arches. The sills of the second-story windows form a continuous belt course of sandstone. These sash windows are topped by jack arches with upwardly protruding keystones. Above this is another belt course and a dentilled cornice.</p><br>
<p>Pyramidal corner towers once protruded from the building&#39;s roof, but these have since been removed. The shop windows have been altered by infilling, but the original dimensions are readily discerned.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Hotel Reichert literally rose from the ashes of Long Prairies first hotel, the Long Prairie House, founded in 1869 by German immigrant Ignatz Reichert. That hotel operated through the turn of the 20th century, when it was destroyed in a fire. The elder Reichert had retired by this time, but his sons John J., Mike L., and Henry L. Reichert, and son-in-law Edward S. Schenk commissioned a new building on the same site. The buildings elaborate floorplan and detailing suggest that it was designed by a professional architect, but surviving documents fail to reveal a name. The contractor was William King of Wadena, Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>The design of the Hotel Reichert was considerably more sophisticated than would usually be found in a community of Long Prairies size. It signaled its owners confidence in the citys further growth. For the hotels grand opening in 1903, local business organizations sponsored a dinner and dance attended by over 300 people. A first-class hotel was a significant amenity in growing towns of the era, "often providing"—in the words of historian Thomas L. Jenkinson—"the first and lasting impressions of the community" in the minds of businessmen and prospective residents.</p><br>
<p>As of 2017 the building is a 17-unit affordable housing facility known as Reichert Place.</p><br>
<p>Court Farm Barn, Llanthony Priory, Monmouthshire is a barn of late medieval origins which forms part of a group of historic buildings in the priory complex. It is a Grade I listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original barn was constructed as the gatehouse to Llanthony Priory. It is of 12th century origins. Following the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the mid-16th century, the building was converted to secular use as a barn. Subsequently, it fell into ruin. In the 19th century the Llanthony estate was purchased by the poet Walter Savage Landor and it is possible that he undertook some reconstruction.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and description</h2><br>
<p>The barn is constructed of Old Red Sandstone rubble with a tiled roof. The interior has "a much earlier look" than the exterior, and may comprise more of the original 12th century work. The architectural historian John Newman describes the building as having been "extended and brutally adapted after the Dissolution.". One gable end (see photograph) has "a full-width arch.and above it a handsome group of three lancets."</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Madison Monroe Holland House in Statesboro, Georgia is a Queen Anne-style house which was built in 1888 and expanded in 1908. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. The listing included three contributing buildings and one contributing structure.</p><br>
<p>Queen Anne features include asymmetric massing, a turret on the front facade, a wrap-around porch and a central second-floor balcony. It has dormers with paired double-hung windows, a pressed metal mansard roof, and weatherboard siding.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1888 as a one-story four-bedroom residence. It was expanded to add a second floor with six rooms and a balcony in 1908, allowing Dr. Holland to use the second floor as his medical office and a small hospital, and to close his separate medical office downtown. The county had no hospital at the time. He used the second floor&#39;s northeast bedroom, which includes the Queen Anne turret, as his office.</p><br>
<p>A historic barn is gone, but the property still had, in 1989, a cane boiler, a smokehouse, and a later-built but still historic automobile garage.</p><br>
<p>Statesboro was the subject of a wider survey of historic resources completed at the same time as the NRHP nomination for the district.</p><br>
<p>Llwyn-celyn Farmhouse, Llanvihangel Crucorney, Monmouthshire is a farmhouse of late medieval origins. It is a Grade I listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original farmhouse is a late-medieval hall house of c.1480-1500. In the late 17th century, both the hall, and the attached solar block were horizontally divided to create two-storeyed buildings. An outhouse, with what was originally a free-standing kitchen, was linked to the main block in the 19th century, when the farm was part of the Llanthony Priory estate and owned by the poet Walter Savage Landor. The Trust commenced a £4.5m restoration, which continues as of April 2017.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and description</h2><br>
<p>The architectural historian John Newman describes the farmhouse as; "quite exceptional, a complete late medieval hall house, all of stone." The roofs of the, now two-storyed, hall and parlour show evidence of smoke-blackening, indicating that they were "originally open full-height." The exterior is of Old Red Sandstone rubble.</p><br>
<p>The You River is the largest tributary of the Yuan River, one of main rivers in the Wuling Mountains in Southwest China. Its other name is Gengshi River ; it was called Youxi River in ancient times. Its trunk stream flows through Hubei, Chongqing and Hunan, and its drainage basin reaches into Guizhou. Its watershed covers an area of 19,254.3 km&sup2;, including 2,680.7 km&sup2; of Hubei, 10,485.7 km&sup2; of Hunan, 4,658.4 km&sup2; of Chongqing and 1,519.5 km&sup2; of Guizhou; it has a length of 484 km.</p><br>
<p>The valley of the You River was home of the ancient Ba people, the ancestors of the Tujia people. The You River basin is one of the birthplaces of Chinese civilization: the Qin Dynasty Bamboo Slips of Liye and the Tusi Sites of Laosicheng and Tangya were discovered in the region.</p><br>
<h2>Headwaters</h2><br>
<p>The You River has two headstreams, the north and south sources. The north source, the Beihe River is the main stream; it originates in the Qizimei Mountains in Xuan&#39;en County of Hubei. The south source, commonly named Meijiang River or Xiushan River originates in Shanyangxi of Songtao County, Guizhou. The Meijiang River merges into the main stream at Liangjiangkou of Shiti Town in Xiushan County of Chongqing.</p><br>
<p>The upper section of the main stream of the You River is named the Baishui River. It rises in the Qizimei Mountains of Yangliuhzhai Village in Chunmuying Township, Xuan&#39;en.</p><br>
<p>The John J. and Eva Reynier Porter Estate, also known as Elm Pointe, is a house, with associated outbuildings, located at 01787 M-66 South in South Arm Township, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>William P. Porter arrived in East Jordan, Michigan in 1879 to establish a sawmill. The company he founded, the East Jordan Lumber Company, eventually owned two sawmills, a shingle mill, and a maple flooring plant, and extensive timberland. Williams son John J. Porter was born in 1885. He attended Oberlin College and the University of Michigan, after which he returned to the area and took over the East Jordan Lumber Company sales force. As the areas timber was depleted in the 1920s, the Porters envisioned a conversion to agriculture, and to that end helped establish the East Jordan Canning Company in 1927. By 1931 John Porter was president of the firm.</p><br>
<p>In 1925, the East Jordan Lumber Company conveyed the title to Elm Pointe, where this estate now stands, to John and Eva Reynier Porter. The Porters soon had this estate constructed on the property. The Porters hired Grand Rapids architect J. Alexander McColl to design the estate. The house presumably used East Jordan Lumber Company materials, and may have been designed in part to showcase the company&#39;s products.</p><br>
<p>The Porters sold the estate to Robert W. and Augustine Allen in 1942. The Allens used the house as their summer home, and constructed a large garage/lodge on the propoerty. After Robert&#39;s death, Augustine married George Westgate. In 1972, the Westgates donated the property to the city of East Jordan, with the understanding that it would be used for public purposes. The city installed picnic tables and cooking grills on the property, and in 1976 leased the lodge to the Portside Art and Historical Society, who opened a history museum there. The house can be rented for weddings and other events.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Porter Estate covers about seven acres of gently sloping ground on Lake Charlevoix. A small creek divides the property in half. South of the creek is an open lawn area with a circular drive. Along the drive are the main house, a large garage/lodge, and a smaller garage.</p><br>
<p>The house on the Porter Estate is a one-and-one-half-story Colonial Revival structure with a complex set of gable and hip roofs, The building is clad with wood shingles. The broad front has a projecting gabled section at either end, one projecting much further than the other. The main roof rises above these gables, and contains shed dormers on the side roofs. Broad plate glass windows, original to the house, illuminate the interior. The inside has wooden paneling and beamed ceilings. The attic of the house contains a large open room known as "the dormitory" that provided overnight space guests. The house still contains the intact furnishings.</p><br>
<p>The smaller garage is a two-bay structure, with a shingled finish much like the house. The larger garage/lodge structure is a two-bay utilitarian, front-gable building constructed of concrete block and clad with wooden shingles.</p><br>
<p>The James Alonzo Brannen House is a house built in 1881 in Statesboro, Georgia. It is notable as the oldest residence in the town and for its association with lawyer J. A. Brannen , for whom it was built, and who served as the town&#39;s first mayor. It now houses the Statesboro Chamber of Commerce.</p><br>
<p>The house is a single-story frame house with an L-shaped plan. Its porch, with four columns on brick piers, was added c.1917.</p><br>
<p>Brannen founded the Statesboro Eagle and Statesboro News newspapers, and he owned and developed property that is now NRHP-listed in the West Main Street Commercial Historic District.</p><br>
<p>It has some elements of Late Victorian / Queen Anne style, such as its fish-scale shingles on the end and front gables.</p><br>
<p>Statesboro was the subject of a wider survey of historic resources completed at the same time as the NRHP nomination for the district.</p><br>
<p>The Harris-Murrow-Trowell House in Screven County, Georgia was built 1889 as one of the first houses in the small village of Oliver, after Central of Georgia Railway established a stop there. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>Its NRHP nomination described it as having "local significance in the area of architecture as a good</p><br>
<p>example of a 1889 gabled wing cottage type house with an attached tenant house on the rear</p><br>
<p>elevation. According to Georgia&#39;s Living Places: Historic Houses in Their Landscaped Settings,</p><br>
<p>gabled wing cottages were built throughout Georgia primarily between 1875 and 1915 on farms and</p><br>
<p>in Georgia&#39;s towns and cities. It was a popular house type that was built throughout the state in both</p><br>
<p>modest and well-to-do parts of the state. The gabled wing cottage is either T-or L-shaped and</p><br>
<p>usually has a gabled roof. Other than the rear addition, the Harris-Murrow-Trowell House retains its</p><br>
<p>historic exterior and interior finishes and materials and has changed little since its construction."</p><br>
<p>The Amos Bull House is a historic house at 59 South Prospect Street in Hartford, Connecticut. Built about 1788, it is one of only a few surviving 18th-century buildings in the city. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1968. It presently houses the main offices of Connecticut Landmarks, a historic preservation organization.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Amos Bull House stands just south of the Pulaski Mall, south of Downtown Hartford, on the west side of South Prospect Street. This is not the house&#39;s original location, which was a short way west on Main Street; it has been moved twice. It is a 2-1/2 story brick building with a gambrel roof. It is three bays wide, with the main entrance in the leftmost bay. Openings on the front facade are rectangular, and topped by splayed brownstone lintels. The front cornice is adorned with dentil moulding, a detail repeated in gabled dormers projecting from the roof. On the exposed side elevation there is a small sash window in a peaked-gable opening in the gable area, with a smaller half-round window above it just below the roof ridge. The interior only retains a few traces of its 18th-century origin.</p><br>
<p>The house&#39;s exact construction date is unknown. It was standing by 1791, when Amos Bull advertised his dry goods business from its address. Since he sold it in 1820, it has housed a variety of commercial enterprises. Originally located facing Main Street, it was moved back from the sidewalk in the early 20th century, and was later moved across the block to its present location.</p><br>
<p>The Pacific Building, also known as the Pacific Desk Building, is a historic building in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Built in 1914, it is notable as a well-preserved example of early 20th-century commercial architecture in Downtown Albuquerque and includes one of the only remaining cast iron storefronts in the central business district. The building was added to the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties and the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Pacific Building was built in 1914 by Andreas Romero, who also owned a butcher shop on the same block. The first tenant was a furniture store, followed by a car dealership from 1918 to 1922 and then a furniture store again. In 1914 the building was bought by the Pacific Desk Company, an office furniture retailer, which was still in business when the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Pacific Building is a two-story, rectangular building with a partial basement. The facade is yellow brick with a cast iron storefront, one of the few remaining in the city. The second floor has eight evenly spaced 1/1 sash windows under a pair of cast iron hoods and a stepped parapet. On the ground floor, there are large display windows on either side of a recessed entry. The interior of the building has an open first floor with cast iron columns and an ornate pressed metal ceiling. The second floor had removable partitions installed in the 1940s and was reported to be unused in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>Lake Austin is an ephemeral salt lake located in the Yilgarn region of Western Australia, between the towns of Cue and Mount Magnet. It is named after Robert Austin, who explored the area around the lake in 1854. The abandoned town of Austin is located on an island in the lake. The Great Northern Highway passes through this island as it crosses the lake.</p><br>
<p>Lake Austin is an evaporation basin for an arheic internal drainage system covering an area of 13,750 km&sup2;. The lake itself lies in a basin covering 770 km&sup2, or 440 km&sup2; excluding the many islands. It is about 80 km long and 10–40 km wide. The lake usually fills in response to heavy rainfall in the summer and fall; anecdotally, this occurs twice about every ten years. Water salinity varies according to lake levels: recorded values have ranged from 44.8 mS/cm during a flooding event in 2000, to 164 mS/cm in the late 1970s. It is surrounded by a salt marsh dominated by the samphire species Tecticornia fimbrata, Tecticornia halocnemoides and Tecticornia pruinosa.</p><br>
<p>The main land uses around Lake Austin are mining and pastoralism. A large deposit of gypsum sand is located on the edge of the lake. From 1999 to 2002, hypersaline groundwater from the Cuddingwarra gold mine was discharged into Lake Austin. The Austin Downs pastoral station covers part of the lake. Sheep are grazed in the area and feral goats and donkeys are abundant.</p><br>
<p>The East Jordan Lumber Company Store Building is a commercial building located at 104 Main Street in East Jordan, Michigan. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2008. It is next to, and shares a wall with, the Votruba Block; both buildings have been rehabilitated to form the Main Street Center office complex.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>East Jordan was originally settled in the late 1870s. In 1879, Joseph Glenn moved a sawmill to the East Jordan. At approximately the same time, he built a one-story frame general store at this site, which sold a broad range of items including groceries, hardware, housewares, and clothing. Soon after his nephew, William P. Porter, purchased a half-interest in the business, which took the name of Glenn & Porter. In 1888, Glenn sold his interest in the mill, and the company changed its name to the East Jordan Lumber Company.</p><br>
<p>In about 1899, the company moved the original wooden store to State Street, and began construction on the current building, likely at the same time the adjoining Vortruba Block was constructed. The new building housed the East Jordan Lumber Company general store, which took up both first-floor storefronts, and the company offices, which were housed on the second floor. Porter, and later his sons, had offices in the building. Other portions of the second floor were occupied by a Masonic Lodge, and various professional offices, including doctors and dentists.</p><br>
<p>The East Jordan Lumber Company mills closed in the 1920s, but by that time Porter had established the East Jordan Canning Company, which used and promoted the agricultural crops of the region. The general store discontinued sales of clothing and dry goods in the 1920s, concentrating on hardware and groceries. It continued in business until 1938, when the grocery section was sold to Mr. and Mrs E.H. Clark, who had been operating the store since the late 1920s. In 1939, the hardware section of the store was sold to William A. Porter, one of William P. Porter&#39;s sons.</p><br>
<p>The grocery store operated until the 1950s, under the nae Quality Food Market and later the Maxwell Market. It was succeeded by a five-and-dime store. The hardware store operated into the 1950s as Porter Hardware, and later as Olson Hardware. The second floor continued to house professional offices into the 1960s. In the 1970s the building was occupied by Snizbee&#39;s Five and Dime. By the 1990s, it was vacant.</p><br>
<p>In 2002-2004, it was rehabilitated as part of the Main Street Center office building project.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The East Jordan Lumber Company Store Building is a two-story brick Late Victorian structure, and measuring 46 feet across and 100 feet in depth. It is constructed of red brick, with wood framing and an iron cornice. The front is divided into two storefronts, each containing a central ground floor entry. An entry staircase to the second story is between the storefronts. The second story facade contains four double-hung windows above each storefront, with the center two in round arches. The attic level contains pairs of small double-hung windows above the round-arched ones, flanked with a vertical brickwork treatment. Decorative brickwork and a pressed metal cornice top the structure. The street-level storefront has been reconstructed to be compatible with the Victorian elements of the building.</p><br>
<p>The interior originally contained a large open space on the first floor, and a long hallway on the second floor opening onto offices on either side. During rehabilitation, both stories were converted into office suites.</p><br>
<p>The Votruba Block is a commercial building located at 112 Main Street in East Jordan, Michigan. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2008. It is next to, and shares a wall with, the East Jordan Lumber Company Store Building; both buildings have been rehabilitated to form the Main Street Center office complex.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Votruba family was part of a substantial settlement of Bohemians in Antrim and Charlevoix counties that began in the late 1860s. John and Anna Votruba were among the settlement&#39;s pioneers, settling in the area in 1871. Their son James J. Votruba was born in 1871 shortly after his parent arrived. In the mid-1890s, James Votruba moved to the nearby East Jordan, which was then in the midst of a lumber boom, and apparently became involved in commercial interests in the town.</p><br>
<p>In 1899, Votruba had this commercial building constructed to house a general store selling groceries, harnesses, and notions. By 1903, Vortuba had given up the business in favor of becoming a travelling salesman, and a new business, the East Jordan Harness Company, occupied the building. This was replaced by a furniture store, possibly owned by Votruba, in 1905. In 1907, James Votruba was back in the general store business, and opened a new store selling groceries, harness, farm implements, confectionery, and other goods in the Votruba block. The upstairs portion of the building briefly housed the Masonic Lodge, and then in 1907-1910 a dance hall. In 1910, the hall reportedly began serving as the meeting place for the Knights of Pythias.</p><br>
<p>James Votrubacontinued to operate the store until his death in 1928. Afterward, a series of businesses used the space. By the 1950s, Healy Hardware occupied the building, staying until the 1980s. Two pizza businesses followed during the 1990s. The building was vacant for a time, and severe deterioration.</p><br>
<p>In 2002-2004, it was rehabilitated as part of the Main Street Center office building project.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Votruba Block is a two-story Late Victorian commercial building with red brick masonry walls, wooden framing, and an iron cornice. It measures 23 feet across and 100 feet in depth. The building has a central-entry storefront on the ground level, with a narrow staircase at one end accessing the second floor. The second story contains two pairs of double-hung windows with round-arch transoms, and the attic story has a short pair of double-hung windows in the center, flanked by a small round window on either side. A decorative galvanized iron cornice tops the facade of the building.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the first floor of the building originally contained a large store space on the first floor, and a kitchen space was later included at the rear. The front two-thirds of the second story contained an apartment, and the rear section contained a large a single room. The recent rehabilitation project resulted in the redevelopment of both floors into office suites.</p><br>
<p>Namysłów Castle - a castle located in Namysłów, Poland. The castle is raised on a mound, built from brick in an irregular rectangular shape. The castle is located in the centre of town beside the brewery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first reliable document suggests the castle was built, from wood, in 1360. The order to build the castle was given by the Czech king and the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles IV, in the location of a former gord of the Dukes of Oleśnica.</p><br>
<p>In 1533, the castle was transferred to the authorities of the city of Wrocław. Soon after the castle&#39;s courtyard was extended with additional housing units. In the seventeeth and eighteenth-century, the castle underwent further reconstruction, namely after the fire in 1658 and after a Prussian activity in the area, pillaging the castle. In the late-nineteenth century, the castle became property of the Haaselbach family who founded the Namysłów Brewery. Presently, the castle remains property of the town brewery.</p><br>
<p>The Boyne City Water Works Building is a municipal industrial building located at 210 East Division Street in Boyne City, Michigan. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the lumber boom of the early 1900s, Boyne Citys population exploded, rising from 912 in 1900 to 5995 in 1910, plus an estimated 3000 transient lumber workers. The expansion rendered the citys water system obsolete, and in early 1910 the city council directed the city&#39;s board of public works to estimate "the expense of constructing and extending the water works system." In April voters approved a bond to do so. Plans were drawn up to construct a 500,000 gallon reservoir and an associated pumping station. The Manufacturing & Supply Co. was hired to construct the water works building for $1075.00 in September 1910; they subcontracted the work to local contractor Bill Jentzen. It is likely the building was completed before the end of the year.</p><br>
<p>The water works building served the Boyne City populace from 1910 until 1988, when a new pump building replaced it.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Boyne City Water Works Building is a single-story rectangular brick gable-roof structure measuring twenty feet in width by fifty feet in length. It sits on a concrete foundation. Buttress piers project slightly at the corners, and divide the side walls into three sections. Corbelled brickwork runs between the upper ends of the piers. The front gable contains a low stepped parapet and a recessed central panel with the date of construction. The windows are paired, double-hung, four-over-four units in square head openings. Each end of the building has a window and door pair.</p><br>
<p>The North Main Street Commercial Historic District in Statesboro, Georgia is a historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. It includes eight adjacent contributing buildings on the west side of the first block of North Main Street. It does not include the property at the corner of West Main and North Main, but rather is the next eight buildings going north from that, to and including the corner of Courtland Street.</p><br>
<p>The buildings are one- and two-story brick commercial buildings with shared walls. The two-story ones have pressed-metal cornices. The main architectural style is Italianate, reflected in round-arched window openings. No original storefronts are present; all have been modernized.</p><br>
<p>Statesboro was the subject of a wider survey of historic resources completed at the same time as the NRHP nomination for the district.</p><br>
<p>The Twin City Historic District in Twin City in Emanuel County, Georgia is a historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>Twin City in its entirety covers a 3.6 square miles area. It is the combination of two formerly separate towns, Summit and Graymont. The historic district is 255 acre in size and includes the shared civic center area, the two towns&#39; commercial centers, and residential areas.</p><br>
<p>It includes 6th Ave. on the west; the north side of Railroad Ave. on the north; Maple St. on the east; and College St. and 5th Ave. on the south.</p><br>
<p>The district includes 135 contributing buildings and one contributing structure (a water tower), plus 54 non-contributing buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Civic Center area</h2><br>
<p>In the civic center area, buildings are widely spaced. The district includes:</p><br>
<p>Jail and former city hall (c.1900), a brick building with arched doorway and window openings (photo 24 in photos accompanying NRHP nomination), located at the border between Summit and Graymont</p><br>
<p>Church of Christ (c.1900-1910), brick-clad with a Craftsman-style porch (with battered posts on piers, photo 19)</p><br>
<p>Baptist Rest Primitive Baptist Church (1907), a Gothic Revival-style gable front church with square corner towers, each with paired lancet windows, one with a flat roof and the other with a six-sided conical roof</p><br>
<p>Twin City Methodist Church (1927), double gable front with elements of Greek Revival style including cornice with dentils supported by pilasters</p><br>
<p>Adam Brinson Chapter DAR House (1934), a log cabin (photo 23)</p><br>
<p>Water tower (1937), which as of 2013 was painted with "Twin City Home of the Bulldogs" (photo 14)</p><br>
<p>Boy Scout hut (c.1945), board-and-batten-sided one-story building built by World War II veterans (photo 25)</p><br>
<p>First Baptist Church (1949), brick clad, with temple-style front: portico columns and pilasters supporting pediment (photo 18)</p><br>
<p>Emanuel County Institute Agricultural Building (1954), one-story brick building with entrance arch (photo 20)</p><br>
<p>Emanuel County Institute Main Building (1954), one-story brick building with a cross-gabled roof (photo 21)</p><br>
<p>Emanuel County Institute School Auditorium (1954), Modern-style brick building with clerestory windows, and with a concrete canopy over its metal entrance doors (photo 22)</p><br>
<h2>Historic Summit</h2><br>
<p>The historic town center of Summit, to the northeast, and north of USA Highway 80, includes historic commercial buildings mostly on the north side of Georgia Highway 23 (North Railroad Ave.), mostly built from 1890 to 1945.</p><br>
<p>503 N. Railroad Avenue (c.1860s), probably the oldest building in Summit (photo 4).</p><br>
<p>O.A. Hall store (early 1900s), two-story concrete-block building</p><br>
<p>Railroad depot (1868), on Railroad Avenue, was moved to this location around 1954 from what is now the intersection of USA 80 and Railroad Avenue, after the railroad tracks were removed</p><br>
<p>Gas station (1955), at depot&#39;s former location (photo 13)</p><br>
<p>Secab Building (c.1940), adjacent to depot, one-story gable-roof building with metal siding built as a warehouse on a brick pier foundation</p><br>
<p>Commissary building (c.1898), across from depot, one-story gable-front corrugated metal building with shedroof porch (photo 7)</p><br>
<p>Brick commercial building (1903) (photo 1)</p><br>
<p>Summit Bank (1904), two-story brick building with Italian Renaissance features (photo 2)</p><br>
<p>Brick commercial building (1907), with brick pilasters separating three storefronts (photo 3)</p><br>
<p>503 Railroad Avenue (c.1860-1870), thought to be oldest commercial building in Summit (photo 4)</p><br>
<h2>Summit residential area</h2><br>
<p>Summit&#39;s residential areas in the district are to the north and south of Railroad Avenue. Larger houses have twin gables with decorative wood shingles. Notable examples include:</p><br>
<p>128 W. Broad Street, a Central Hallway cottage with "multi-light windows, a shed-roof porch with square posts, and sidelights on either side of the entrance" (photo 9).</p><br>
<p>Davis-Proctor House (1890), 133 1st Avenue, separately listed on the National Register, is "a one-and-a-half-story frame Folk Victorian, Georgian cottage. The house has a symmetrical front fac;ade with central entrance with original door and transom. The wraparound porch has decorative spindle work, brackets, and turned posts and balustrade. The multi-gable complex roof has decorative shingles in the gables. The house retains its original wood door and window surrounds" (photo 12)</p><br>
<p>115 W. Broad Street (1898) "It is a one-story, gabled-wing, frame cottage with front projecting bay. Elements of Neoclassical Revival style include the transom and sidelights. as well as the attenuated Tuscan columns on the wraparound porch."</p><br>
<p>202 N. Railroad Street (1908), similar to 115 W. Broad Street. "It is a one-story Folk Victorian, gabled-wing, frame cottage. The front entrance includes a transom and sidelights and the full front porch has decorative turned posts and balustrade."</p><br>
<p>Sturgis House (1918), 12 N. Railroad Street "is another good example of a Folk Victorian-style house with decorative elements including wooden shingles in alternating rows of fish-scale and saw-tooth shingles in the gable ends. The wraparound porch has turned posts and balustrade with scroll-sawn decorative brackets."</p><br>
<h2>Graymont commercial center</h2><br>
<p>The commercial center of Graymont, to the southwest, is centered at Georgia State Route 192 and 5th Avenue, and is south of USA Highway 80, and includes:</p><br>
<p>Graymont Drugstore (1888), S. Railroad Avenue, one-story brick building with three storefronts.</p><br>
<p>livery stable (1900), "a two-story brick building with stepped parapet front fayade, segmental arched windows, and double-door opening" (photo 42)</p><br>
<p>Bank of Graymont (1901)</p><br>
<p>Citizens Trading Company (1900), two-story brick with corbelled brick cornice, with four storefronts (photo 41)</p><br>
<p>Coleman Sanitarium and Hardware Store (1932, rebuilt after fire)</p><br>
<p>Graymont Bank and Post Office Building (1901), a two-story brick building with "elaborate corbelled brick cornice and recessed rectangular panels" (photo 39, at right)</p><br>
<p>Movie theater (1918) (photo 39, at center)</p><br>
<p>Addition to the side of the theater (1938), "originally used as a filling station. It retains its original brick storefront with central multi-pane glass/paneled wood door and multi-light win~ows. The hipped roof entrance is supported by decorative cast-iron square posts made by Fitzgerald Iron Works in Fitzgerald, Georgia (photo 40 at left)"</p><br>
<p>Hardware store (1932) (photo 40, at right)</p><br>
<h2>Graymont residential area</h2><br>
<p>The James W. Coleman House, in Moultrie in Colquitt County, Georgia, was built in 1903 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>It is an imposing Late Victorian / Victorian Eclectic-style house. Queen Anne elements are its massing, its gazebo-like porch/tower, its irregular roof and corbelled chimneys. Eastlake details include machine-turned columns of its porches and interior staircase.</p><br>
<p>The house is significant for its association with James W. Coleman (1871-1966), originally of Swainsboro, Georgia, who moved to Colquitt County in 1894, and who built this house. Coleman built and operated Colquit County&#39;s first cotton gin. The house and farm were viewed as a "model farm" and were used in marketing the county.</p><br>
<p>The property includes four contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>Rainbow Canyon is a canyon near the western edge of Death Valley National Park in Inyo County, California. It is approximately 260 mi west of Las Vegas and 160 mi north of Los Angeles. It is commonly used by the United States Air Force and Navy for fighter jet training and is frequented by photographers who, from the canyon rim, are able to photograph jets flying beneath them. The canyon rim can be accessed from Father Crowley Overlook off California State Route 190.</p><br>
<h2>History, geology, and topography</h2><br>
<p>The canyon was cut from basalt lava flows and lapilli beds of the Darwin Hills volcanoes, which last erupted between two and four million years ago during the Pliocene epoch. Formations of granite and marble (metamorphosed Paleozoic limestone), including calc-silicate hornfels occur below the lava in the deepest parts of the canyon. Other pyroclastic rock is also exposed. This variety of material created walls of reds, gray, and pink that are similar to the fictional Star Wars planet Tatooine. As a result, the canyon is nicknamed Star Wars Canyon. Hundreds of petroglyphs from the Coso people who once inhabited the area can be found in the canyon. Rainbow Canyon drains the west slope of the Santa Rosa Hills and the east slope of the Inyo Mountains into the Panamint Valley. The steep walls are up to 1,000 ft tall.</p><br>
<h2>Flight training</h2><br>
<p>Military training flights have used Rainbow Canyon since World War II. Planes travel through the canyon at 200 to 300 mph and when flying as low as 200 ft above the canyon floor are still only several hundred feet below observers on the rim. Observers are close enough to the planes that they can see the pilots facial expressions, who, aware of the audience, sometime give gestures or other signals. In addition to fighters such as the F-15, F-18, and F-22, there are also bombers. At least once, a C-17 Globemaster cargo plane was observed. Air bases that conduct low-altitude training at Rainbow Canyon include Nellis Air Force Base, Naval Air Station Lemoore, Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, Fresno Air National Guard Base and Edwards Air Force Base. The airspace in the area is restricted to military training, designed to hone the pilots skills at flying low and fast to avoid enemy radar and anti-aircraft fire. The area is part of the R-2508 Complex administered by Edwards (the R-2508 Complex handbook actually refers to the canyon as Star Wars Canyon and the path through the canyon connecting Owens Valley in the west and Panamint Valley in the east as the Jedi Transition.)</p><br>
<h2>Photography</h2><br>
<p>Because Rainbow Canyon offers the rare opportunity of proximity to military jets in flight, the National Park Service is considering making it an attraction with informational signs and a parking lot, though training schedules are not available to the public and flights do not occur every day.</p><br>
<p>Lębork Castle - a castle built by the Teutonic Order located in Lębork, Pomeranian Voivodeship. The building is found on the river Łeba.</p><br>
<p>The castle was built by the Teutonic Order in the fourteenth-century, in the Gothic architectural style shaped as a rectangle without a courtyard. The castle was the capital of the Teutonic vogts. In 1410, the castle came to be in the hands of Władysław II Jagiełło. During the Thirteen Years War the castle was part of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, and after the Second Peace of Thorn was given as a fief to the Duke of Pomerania Eric II. In 1637, after the end of the duchys dynasty, the castle was transferred back to Poland. From 157, the castle was under German rule. Frequently reconstructed in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Presently, the castle houses the court house of Lębork.</p><br>
<p>Olsztyn Castle  – castle ruins located in the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland, lying on the Trail of the Eagles&#39; Nests – formerly protecting the southern border of the Kingdom of Poland. The ruins of the 14th-century castle are one of the biggest attractions of the area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The castle, located on a hill, among limestone rocks, is part of the Trail of the Eagles&#39; Nests. It belonged to a system of fortifications, built by King Casimir III the Great, to protect western Lesser Poland from Czechs, to whom Silesia belonged at that time. For some time, as a fee, it belonged to Prince Władysław Opolczyk. Taken away from him in 1396, the castle was then handed by King Władysław II Jagiełło to a local nobleman, Jan Odrowąż of Szczekociny. The castle was invaded several times by Silesian princes in the 15th-century, and with the advancement of warfare, its fortifications became obsolete. In 1655, it was captured by the Swedes, and since then, it became a ruin. In 1722, it was partly demolished, with bricks used to build a parish church at Olsztyn. Currently, only fragments of defensive walls remain. The most impressive still standing part of the castle is a 35-metre round tower, built in the 13th-century, which served as a prison.</p><br>
<p>The Chicago and West Michigan Railroad Charlevoix Station is a railroad depot located on Chicago Avenue in Charlevoix, Michigan. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area around Charlevoix became a popular summer resort starting in the late 1870s with the establishment of Bay View in 1877, the Charlevoix Summer Resort (now the Belvedere Club) in 1878, and the Chicago Summer Resort (now the Chicago Club) in 1880. In response to the increase in traffic, in the early 1890s the Chicago and West Michigan Railroad extended its line from Traverse City north to Petoskey. In 1891 the railroad located two sites for planned depots in Charlevoix: this one on the north side of town near the Chicago Resort, and a second one (now demolished) on the south side of town near the Charlevoix Resort.</p><br>
<p>In 1892, the railroad contracted with the Grand Rapids form of Pelton & Company to construct this depot. Work began in May and was completed by July, with the first trains running into Charlevoix in June. In 1900, the Chicago and West Michigan Railroad merged with two other railroads to create the Pere Marquette Railroad. The railroad promoted Charlevoix and other northern Michigan towns as summer destinations, and ran an increased number of trains into Charlevoix. In addition, an interurban two-car train ran between the north and south Charlevoix stations up to seven times daily.</p><br>
<p>The high level of service to Charlevoix continued through World War II. However, the increase in automobile use in the late 1940s and 1950s cut into railroad revenues. The Pere Marquette merged into the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway in 1947, and service to Charlevoix was gradually scaled back. Passenger train service to Charlevoix was completely discontinued in 1962. Rail freight runs continued until 1982, and the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway abandoned all its lines in northern Michigan.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s, the Charlevoix Yacht Club occupied the building.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Chicago and West Michigan Railroad Charlevoix Station is a single-story rectangular, Shingle Style building with a hip roof. Covered platforms extend from the main mass at each end, giving the station a broad and low form. The exterior is clad with shingles below the window sill level and clapboards above. The building sits on a fieldstone foundation, with a poured concrete basement floor. A large bay window and a conical-roof round tower rise above the roofline on what was the track side. The street side has a low arched entrance with a massive gable above containing a balcony-fronted, tripartite, transomed window. A hip roof canopy supported by round columns covers the platforms at each end, and runs across part of the main building facade.</p><br>
<p>The interior contains outer and inner lobbies, a ticket/telegraph office, a waiting room, two lavatories, and a large freight and baggage room. The interior is entirely finished with hardwoods. The walls are covered with vertical beaded-board dados up to chair-rail height, horizontal boarding above that, up to picture-moulding height, and additaional vertical boarding up to the ceilings. The ceiling is covered with boards, and the floor has original hardwood floorboards. The waiting room contains an original fireplace with mantelpiece. Columns similar to those supporting the platform canopies frame the opening between the main lobby and the waiting room.</p><br>
<p>The Josiah Davis House, south of Canoochee in Emanuel County, Georgia, is a Plantation Plain-style house built in 1869 on a 321 acre property. The property, with six contributing buildings, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>"The Josiah Davis House significance in architecture is achieved on several points. First it is a good example of the transition of architectural styles. The Plantation Plain style had its height in Georgia during the period from 1830-1850 yet this house is an example of the carryover or revival of the style into the Reconstruction Era of 1865-1870 when, according to traditional history, most everyone in the South was too destitute to build anything. The house exemplifies the same characteristics of the style from its antebellum heyday, two rooms up and two down, central hall, shed porch on the front and back (in this case only on the front), with a detached kitchen. Its interior has simple, wide boards on the floors, walls and ceilings with no plaster, yet it has elaborate mantels on the lower floor. It is bare of any Greek Revival or Victorian detailing save for the ornamentation of the front porch and the downstairs fireplace mantels. Secondly, it is significant because it has been little changed from its construction and thus provides a look at an original, virtually untampered example of a house of that era. Even the heating has been barely modernized. Thirdly as mentioned above, it is important in reflecting the building patterns of the Reconstruction Era, an era only slowly being understood by contemporary historians. It is one of only a few documented Reconstruction Era homes in the Plantation Plain Style, which might indicate either a resurgence of the earlier style after the supposed construction halt during the Civil War years or the continued use of the style even during the War. The house is significant in local history as the farm house or main house of Josiah Davis (1847-1902) a native of Emanuel County who with his wife Sarah Canady (1849-1927), a childhood neighbor, built this house shortly after their marriage around 1869 and operated a relatively small 318 acre farm that has retained virtually its same acreage since the house was built. Davis was a Civil War veteran who, once the war was over and he returned home, established his farm and never moved from the area again. He raised cotton and corn with the use of sharecroppers, who for the most part were hired freedmen and women, former slaves from nearby plantations. His house was small, being only one room deep, a total of four rooms, with a detached kit which would have fit their family of three children well. His obituary referred to him as a "frugal and energetic farmer" and mentioned no civic or fraternal activities. He was buried not far from his farm in the Old Canoochee Cemetery. After Josiah Davis 1 death, his son Dr. George Davis raised long staple cotton there until the advent of the boll weevil. The house remained in the Davis family until after the widow&#39;s death when it was sold to the Peacock family, the present owners. The Josiah Davis House is significant in agriculture because it retains intact the 318 acres Davis is known to have farmed in 1869. It was here where, after he returned from service for the Confederacy, he began his own farm and raised his own family. He would have been forced by the new economic times to have used sharecroppers, that is workers, primarily former slaves, who would be paid for their services out of the crops that were raised. The main staples here were cotton and corn, as in most nearby farms in Georgia. This farm is significant because it typifies the many that were established during the Reconstruction Era when large plantations were no longer feasible for a beginning farmer and a new social and economic order was emerging. Few of these types of farms have survived with their same acreage, main house, and surroundings free from intrusions."</p><br>
<p>Ynys Hafod, Henllys and Min Yr Afon, New Market Street, Usk, Monmouthshire, are three houses forming a continuous range in the centre of the town. Each house is a Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>The architectural historian John Newman describes New Market Street as; "the most attractive street in the town." The three houses of Ynys Hafod, Henllys and Min Yr Afon stand halfway down the street, on its western side. Of stone construction, they are fronted by cobbles and iron railings which date from the early 19th century. The houses have sash windows which are also 19th century in date. The houses are of earlier origin however, as indicated by the voussoirs around the windows. Newman suggests these indicate an original construction date of the early 17th century. British Listed Buildings ventures an earlier date, the 16th century, noting that documentation references the building as being the property of the Rumsey family in 1575. The building was remodelled and divided into three in the early 19th century. The architect Thomas Henry Wyatt may have been involved in the renovations. The Monmouthshire antiquarian</p><br>
<p>Sir Joseph Bradney noted in his A History of Monmouthshire in 1921 that the Welsh names for the houses were of recent origin.</p><br>
<p>The grotesques at the side of the front door at Ynys Hafod reputedly come from the Palace of Westminster. The buildings have separate CADW desginations, and separate Grade II* listings.</p><br>
<p>The First Methodist Episcopal Church in Stillmore, Georgia, also known as Stillmore United Methodist Church and as Stillmore Methodist Episcopal Church South, was built in 1907. A fire on December 15, 1915 destroyed all but the exterior walls of the church, and in 1916 it was rebuilt to the original plans with minor exception. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by architect Charles Edward Choate in Romanesque Revival style. The 1907 church and parsonage cost $7,500; their reconstruction in 1916 cost $10,000. The church was deemed "an excellent example of the early work of Charles Edward Choate" and "an excellent example of the use of the Romanesque Revival style in Georgia."</p><br>
<p>The parsonage was sold by the church in 1994; it was moved to a new location but was later dismantled and its materials were incorporated into a new house.</p><br>
<p>Sejm and Senate Complex of Poland  - a complex of buildings located in Warsaw, housing the Sejm and Senate of Poland.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the complex began after Poland regained its independence in 1918. The expansion of the complex continues to the modern-day, with a new building under construction since 2014. All of the buildings part of the complex are managed by the Chancellery of Sejm.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<h3>Main Sejm building</h3><br>
<p>The building was constructed during the most expansive reconstructions of the Sejm, between 1949 and 1952. It consists of two-storey parts, connected by underground tunnels. The road heading to the main entrance is found below the building. Since 2016, on the wall opposite the main entrance, lay wall reliefs designed by Józef Gosławski from the 1950s.</p><br>
<h4>Main Hall</h4><br>
<p>The Main Hall is found by the main entrance of the Sejm. Its three-tone, white-gray-black floor was made of marble, the hall is characterized by gray stucco columns and portals made of white Carrara marble. In the hall there are marble stairs with a decorative iron balustrades, with golden bas-reliefs of girls and boys, while the brass rail of the balustrade has been made ito the shape of a snake. On both sides of the stairs there are two commemorative plaques commemorating the visit of Saint Pope John Paul II on June 11, 1999.</p><br>
<p>To the right of the main entrance there is a model of the Sejm complex, above which there are found commemorative plaques: a tribute to the ministers of the Second Republic of Poland killed during the Second World War and a commemorative plaque commemorating those killed in 2010 in the Tu-154 catastrophe near Smolensk. Above the entrance is a ceramic clock made in 1955 by Władysław Zych.</p><br>
<h4>Column Hall</h4><br>
<p>To the left of the Main Hall is the Column Hall. Two glass doors with decorative forged grates lead to it. It is one of the most beautiful Sejm halls and the second largest room, at 600 m², in the complex. It owes its name to the slim, symmetrical columns supporting the ceiling. Its marble floor is decorated with colourful rosettes of multicolored marble and golden chalcedony. The ceiling is decorated with stucco and a crystal candelabra, designed by Tadeusz Gronowski. After the restoration of the Senate&#39;s meeting place, between 1989 and May 1991, the Column Hall was the site of its meetings.</p><br>
<h4>Sejm Meeting Hall</h4><br>
<p>The Meeting Hall was constructed between May 1925 and March 1928, designed by Kazimierz Skórewicz. Except for the Belgian marble used to cover the inner walls, all other construction materials originate from Poland. The oak armchairs, tables and the balustrade were made according to the drawings of architect Stefan Sienicki, and the bas-reliefs on the balustrade separating the bureau from the amphitheater were designed by Aleksander Żurakowski.</p><br>
<p>The outer wall of the Meeting Hall is decorated with a frieze composed of eighteen stone plates with bas-reliefs made by Jan Biernacki and Jan Szczepkowski, symbolising inter alia: Liberation, craft, religion, fine arts, plowing, the press and education.</p><br>
<p>The Meeting Hall is the seat of the Sejm, the National Assembly, observing joint Sejm and Senate meetings, and the location of where the oath of the newly elected President of the Republic of Poland is held.</p><br>
<h4>Marshal Corridor</h4><br>
<p>The Marshal Corridor links building C with buildings A and B. Its ceiling is supported by two rows of columns tapering downwards along the walls, which optically increase the length, height and width of the corridor. On both sides there are rooms providing entry into the Presidential and Prime Minister&#39;s chambers, as well as four other large chambers: the Chamber of the Constitution of May 3 and the rooms bearing plaques with names of three Marshals of the Sejm of the Second Republic of Poland (hence the name of the corridor): Wojciech Trąmpczyński, Ignacy Daszyński and Maciej Rataj. From the Senate side, the corridor closes in with a decorative iron grate made by Jan Mizerski.</p><br>
<h4>Senate building and Main Hall</h4><br>
<p>After the renovation of the second Chamber of Parliament on April 7, 1989, the Senate convened alternately with the Sejm in the Chamber of Sejm, and then for one-and-a-half years in the Column Hall. For the purpose of the Upper Chamber, building A of the Senate Meeting Hall was adapted from a combination of three library rooms, located on the first floor of the building. In the central part of the building there is an oval staircase, to which, through the floor connector into building C, is the location of the Marshal Corridor. Its balustrade is made of iron rods, forged in the pattern of dry plant veal. The staircase is marked by the extraordinary dynamics of form. Perfectly visible from all sides of the lobby, it is the most iconic feature of the Senate building.</p><br>
<p>The adaptation of the former library building was carried out between autumn 1990 to spring 1991. The Main Hall was rebuilt using designs of Andrzej Kaliszewski, with the cooperation of Barbara Kaliszewska and Bogdan Napieralski. The designers referred to Bohdan Pniewski&#39;s designs from the 1950s, preserving the colours and modern-day features used in parliamentary rooms. The interior was decorated with bright colours, with pale-coloured walls and an oval plafond.</p><br>
<h4>Sejm Commission building</h4><br>
<p>The nineteenth-century building is located in the north-east of the Sejm complex. In the interwar period it was the seat of the Senate, and after the war the Chancellery of the State Council. There were plans for its adaptation into a parliamentary museum, but after the completion of the renovation work in 1992 it was decided that the Sejm Commission would be held there. The renovation, carried out in 1992, included a new interior design, carried out on the basis of architect&#39;s Aleksander Stępińska design.</p><br>
<h4>Old House for Members of the Sejm</h4><br>
<p>The former Sejm Hotel, now called the Old House for Members of the Sejm, was erected according to the design of Kazimierz Skórewicz. On the north side, the central axis of the building is characterised by a flat break with an oval corner. This building is connected to the Sejm Meeting Hall by a floor connector on the first floor, preserving the original balustrade attic. After the Second World War the longer wing of the hotel was extended southward, in accordance to Bohdan Pniewski&#39;s designs. Thus, an inner courtyard was created in front of the hotel, where the gates from Wiejska and Górnośląska Street are leading towards. Pniewski stylised the oval corner of the building into a cylindrical tower.</p><br>
<p>Presently, the building houses the Sejm Library.</p><br>
<h4>New House for Members of the Sejm</h4><br>
<p>The pre-war Sejm Hotel became too crowded across the years. The New House for Members of the Sejm was constructed on the basis of architect Małgorzata Handzelewicz-Wacławek&#39;s designs, with the cooperation of Andrzej Kaliszewski. The building was commissioned for use in the spring of 1989.</p><br>
<p>The building closes-in the Sejm complex to the north-west. The main hall of the new hotel extends over two floors of the hotel, connected by a stairway. There is a reception and ticket offices for: PKP Intercity and LOT, PKO Bank. The building also houses shops, a swimming pool, sauna and a conference room. On the ground floor there is a restaurant and a cocktail bar. Expansion of the building was conducted in 1987-1994.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, the conference room in the New House for Members of the Sejm, hosts the discussions of the Commission for Social Policy and the Family, named after Jacek Kuroń. At the entrance to the conference room there is a plaque commemorating four Members of Sejm and a member of the Chancellery of the Sejm, who died in a car accident in 1994.</p><br>
<h4>Sejm Chapel</h4><br>
<p>The patron of the Sejm Chapel is the Virgin Mary. The chapel is located at level -1 of the New House for Members of the Sejm. It was ordained on May 1, 1993 by Cardinal Józef Glemp. The altar and statues illustrating the Stations of the Cross, were done so by Jan Tutaj, funded by contributions from Sejm members, consecrated in June 2007 by Cardinal Kazimierz Nycz. The original chair of Saint Pope John Paul II, used during the Holy Father&#39;s visit to the Sejm in 1999, is a very valuable element of the chapel.</p><br>
<p>Mass is celebrated every day, from Monday to Friday, at 07:30, in the Sejm Chapel.</p><br>
<h2>Complex plan</h2><br>
<p>B – administration building</p><br>
<p>C, D – main Sejm building</p><br>
<p>E, F – New House for Sejm Members</p><br>
<p>G – Sejm Commission building</p><br>
<p>H – administration building, security, bookstore</p><br>
<p>I – Sejm Meeting Hall</p><br>
<p>J – administration building</p><br>
<p>K – administration building (Old House for Sejm Members), Sejm Commission offices, Sejm Library</p><br>
<p>L, Ł – administration building</p><br>
<p>N – mail sorting building</p><br>
<p>The John Rountree Log House is a saddlebag log house near Twin City in Emanuel County, Georgia, which was built in c.1830. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed to be an outstanding example of a saddlebag log construction. Diamond notching of the logs was employed in the construction, which was rare, relative to half-dovetail notching, in Georgia.</p><br>
<p>It was built in c.1830</p><br>
<p>In 2017 it was named by the Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation as one of ten "Places in Peril". The press release stated that the house, owned by the City of Twin City, "suffers from lack of maintenance and awareness" and that "While the cabin is sound, rehabilitation is needed for it to be reopened to the public. The current city administration is dedicated to the rehabilitation and maintenance of this historic Georgia resource."</p><br>
<p>The Shambhavi river has its origins at Kudremukh in Chikkamagaluru district of Karnataka, India. It merges with the Nandini River at Mulki, Karnataka before flowing to the Arabian Sea, south of Mulki city. This river is the main source of water to many villages nearby the river.</p><br>
<p>River Shambhavi is calm throughout the year except during Monsoon.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>River Shambhavi is a small river around 60 km in length. It flows from east to west. It flows through a locally famous waterfall called Parpappadi falls near Nitte. After Parpappadi falls it travels around 50 km to meet the Arabian sea. The water level of the river is checked using several small dams. Palimar dam is the last dam towards the west of the river.</p><br>
<h2>Water sports</h2><br>
<p>River Shambhavi is famous for water sports in India. Several kinds of water sports events happen in river Shambhavi including kayaking, stand up paddle, wakeboarding, etc.</p><br>
<h3>Kayaking</h3><br>
<p>Recently long distance recreational kayaking events are organized in the river Shambhavi. People from the nearby cities of Karnataka and other state travel to Mulki to kayak in river Shambhavi. Kayaking event is usually spread across two days, where participants do 30–40 km of kayaking.</p><br>
<h2>Sand Mining</h2><br>
<p>Some local fishermen and mostly large scale sand mafia is involved in illegally mining sand from the river. Trucks and JCB is used to mine sand in some part of the river. The mining has afrected the life of local by polluting the water. Sand in the river is important to filter the ground water and keep it fresh.</p><br>
<h2>Agriculture and fishing</h2><br>
<p>The main occupation of the people who have settled on the bank of this river is agriculture and fishing. This river is the main source of water for agriculture during off monsoon. The river is rich in water life. People settling around the river have practiced fishing which provides bread to many families. People also trade fine sand which is used for construction. This sand is taken from the bed of the river.</p><br>
<p>Wilhelm Ellis Rau Palace  - a historical building, located by Ujazdów Avenue in Warsaw, Poland.</p><br>
<p>The palace was built between 1866 and 1868 under architect Leandro Marconis designs. In the nineteen-twenties of the Polish interwar period the palace was rented by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, serving the function of vice-minister Jan Szembeks residence. The villa burned down in 1944. After World War II, the building was rebuilt between 1948 and 1949, under Polish and Swiss architects, Szymon Syrkus and Hans Schmidt respectably.</p><br>
<p>The palaces houses the Embassy of Switzerland and the Swiss promotional non-profit organisation for Swiss exports, Osec. Next to the building is the location of the Embassy of the United States of America.</p><br>
<p>Uruski Palace  - a historical building, located by Krakowskie Przedmieście in Warsaw, Poland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Formerly, in the location of the present palace stood a Baroque palace built at the turn of the eighteen-thirties and the eighteen-forties, attributed to the architect Jan Zygmunt Deybel, who belonged to the castellans of Kraków under Stanisław Poniatowski, father of King Stanisław August Poniatowski. It was here that Stanisław August learnt he was elected monarch of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The palace changed hands several times, in 1843 it became property of Seweryn Uruski, the marshal of the nobility of the Warsaw governorate, a secret counselor, and the mayor of the Imperial Court. Uruski chose to demolish the palace to make way for a new building.</p><br>
<p>The project was commissioned by architect Andrzej Gołoński, who gave the new building its Renaissance architectural style. The construction work lasted from 1844 to 1847. In the years 1893-1895 the palace was renovated under the direction of Józef Huss, who built a new outhouse to its north. The palace was burned down during the Warsaw Uprising. After 1947, the palace became property of the University of Warsaw. The rebuilt palace (1948-1951) was modified, namely without an entrance gate to its north. Presently, the palace houses the Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies of the University of Warsaw.</p><br>
<p>Sidi Said, Morocco is a hamlet in Morocco located at 28° 27 36" North, 10° 34 12" was during the Roman Empire on of five Castra  that guarded the city of Volubilis from incursion over the nearby Limes Africanus. Sidi Said was the base for the Cohors IV Gallorum equitata, an auxiliary cavalry unit from Gaul. Rome&#39;s control over the area ended, however, following the chaos of the Crisis of the Third Century, when the empire nearly disintegrated as a series of generals seized and lost power through civil wars, palace coups and assassinations.</p><br>
<p>the Arabs had arrived in 708. The Idrissids (786-917), established their capital at nearby Volubilis, a few kilometers north-West of Sidi Said. The city of Meknes to the south was founded by the Almoravids in the 11th century, as a military establishment and Almohads, toppled the Almoravids in 1147.</p><br>
<p>Today the town is the site of the Hassan II Dam.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The region around Sidi Said experiences a degraded Mediterranean climate, undergoing continental influences during the summer and winter seasons. However, the geographical diversity of the region means that each of its natural areas has particular climatic nuances. The temperature of the hottest month varies between 30 °C and 45 °C, and that of the coldest month varies between 0 °C and 7 °C, but the freezing period is very strong.</p><br>
<p>The Sugar Palace  is a historic building at 25 Mokotowska Street in Warsaw, Poland.</p><br>
<p>It now houses the Adam Mickiewicz Institute.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the second half of the 19th century, this site on Warsaws ulica Mokotowska (Mokotów Street) belonged to Józef Kaczyński. In 1877, on part of the parcel, a cottage was built for Kazimiera Ćwierczakiewiczowa, née Kaczyńska. In 1907 the cottage was taken over by the first owners descendant, Mieczysław Kaczyński, who with Wacław Cywiński set up there a printing house, a lithography establishment, and a bag factory.</p><br>
<p>In 1910 the building was leased by the Board of Lublin Province Sugar Producers "Lubelskie", "Garbów", "Lublin", and "Nielepów". About 1915, architect Tadeusz Zieliński was commissioned to remodel the facility; according to some sources, it was completely rebuilt. In 1922 the Board of Lublin Province Sugar Producers (Zarząd Cukrowni Lubelskich) purchased the building, and its reconstruction was completed in 1926. The cottage, in the rear, was given a rococo stylization, and two wings were added in front, enclosing the entrance to a courtyard.</p><br>
<p>In 1935 the palace was bought by Mieczysław Broniewski, a sugar industrialist, who adapted the building as a family residence to a design by Antoni Jawornicki. The Board of Lublin Province Sugar Producers moved to 8 ulica Koszykowa in Warsaw.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, the building was occupied by the German Gestapo. It was not destroyed due to its location in Warsaw&#39;s "German district".</p><br>
<p>After World War II, the building was renovated to house, among other institutions, the Polish Academy of Sciences Mathematics Institute. In 1987 the building underwent extensive renovation of its façade. It now houses the Adam Mickiewicz Institute.</p><br>
<p>The Deanery of St. John&#39;s Cathedral, Warsaw  is a historic building located on ulica Dziekania  in the Old Town of Warsaw, Poland.</p><br>
<p>Since 2016 the Deanery has been the home of the Museum of the Archdiocese of Warsaw.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the fourteenth century, as mentioned in historic sources of 1339, the present site of the Deanery was the location of the former rectory of St. John&#39;s Church.</p><br>
<p>The Deanerys masonry building was constructed at the turn of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries on a large plot of land ceded by the Royal Castle. In 1607 the building burned in a city fire. Three years later, it was rebuilt as a residence for Dean J. Raciborski. In the 18th century, it was home to a theological seminary. In 1838 the palaces grounds were reduced in favor of the Castle, and in 1844 the building was converted into a tenement house. In 1870-1939, the Deanery housed offices and Castle employees.</p><br>
<p>During the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, the building suffered substantial damage. Only small fragments of the ground floor and first floor survived. Almost all of Dziekania (Deanery) Street, including St. John&#39;s Cathedral, was destroyed by the explosion of a German Goliath tracked mine.</p><br>
<p>In 1966-68 the Deanery was rebuilt to a design by Stanisław Marzyński, with a somewhat modified appearance relative to its prewar one.</p><br>
<p>Since 2016 the Deanery has been home to the Museum of the Archdiocese of Warsaw.</p><br>
<p>The Konstanty Zamoyski Palace  is a historic building on ulica Foksal in Warsaw, Poland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Prior to the construction of the Zamoyski Palace, the grounds had been dedicated for a Vauxhall Gardens-style parkland. In 1870 Konstanty Zamoyski became the grounds&#39; owner.</p><br>
<p>The palace was built to architect Leonard Marconi&#39;s Renaissance Revival design. It comprises a main corpus and two perpendicular wings, to either side, flanking a courtyard. The driveway to Foksal Street is closed by a late-Baroque gate.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, the palace was slightly damaged. In 1949 the building complex was transferred to the Association of Polish Architects (Stowarzyszenie Architektów Polskich). The palace has also housed the Association of Polish Painters and Graphic Artists (Związek Polskich Artystów Malarzy i Grafików).</p><br>
<p>The palace now houses the Association of Polish Architects, the Association of House Builders, and the restaurant and club Endorfina Foksal.</p><br>
<p>Beleden House is a historic house at 50 Bellevue Avenue in Bristol, Connecticut. Built in 1908-10, it is a prominent and rare example of a high-quality residence in the Beaux Arts style. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Beleden House is located in Bristol&#39;s Federal Hill neighborhood, one of its most fashionable addresses in the early 20th century. It stands on the east side of Bellevue Avenue, between Session Street and Beleden Gardens Drive. It is a two story masonry structure, built out of orange brick and covered by a hip roof. It has a U-shaped plan, with a service wing extending north from the northern leg of the U. The front facade is dominated by a two-story half-round four-column Ionic portico. The building corners are finished in brick pilasters that echo those of the portico. The interior of the U is a palm court, whose eastern bound is an arched colonnade. The interior of the house is lavishly appointed with fine woodwork and multiple types and colors of imported marble, and includes a music room with organ.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1908-10 for William Sessions, a local merchant and banker. It was designed by Samuel J. Brown, an architect based in Boston, Massachusetts. The Beleden estate, originally extending to the east and south and now subdivided with residential development, was landscaped by Ernest W. Bowditch. The house, now standing on a reduced parcel of 1.7 acre, remains an architectural center of its neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Pac Palace  - a historical building, located by Miodowa Street in Warsaw, Poland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The palace was built between 1681 and 1687 in the Baroque architectural style, as commissioned by Dominik Mikołaj Radziwiłł under architect Tylman van Gameren. The palace was property of the Radziwiłł family until the first half of the nineteenth-century. In 1823 the building was sold to Ludwik Michał Pac who, following architect Enrico Marconi&#39;s designs, carried out a reconstruction of the palace into the Classisist architectural style. The palace was partially destroyed during World War II, with reconstruction works carried out between 1948 and 1951. Presently, the palace houses the headquarters of the Ministry of Health.</p><br>
<p>Pac Palace in Dowspuda  - historical ruins, located in Dowspuda, Poland.</p><br>
<p>Pac Palace is built in an English Neo-Gothic architectural style by Polish architect of Italian descent Piotr Bosio. The construction work began in 1820, and after a temporary halt, continued under architect Enrico Marconi. Although the main construct work was complete by that time, it took another four years to furnish and decorate the palace.</p><br>
<p>After the November Uprising, Ludwik Michał Pac emigrated, and his property was confiscated by the Imperial Government. The next owners did not upkeep the property and it was decided to deconstruct the palace in 1867. I 2016, the palace ruins with twenty-one hectares of land was sold to a private investor for 1 million złoty, who has declared a total reconstruction of the palace and its transformation into a hotel.</p><br>
<p>The Buildings of St Josephs College, Nudgee is a heritage-listed group of school buildings at St Josephs College, Nudgee at 2199 Sandgate Road, Boondall, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. They were built from 1891 to. The school is also known as Nudgee College and St Joseph&#39;s Nudgee College. The buildings added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 November 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. Josephs Nudgee College was established in 1891 to serve the needs of rural Roman Catholic boys. It was the first purpose-built boarding college erected in Queensland for the Christian Brothers, who were the first Catholic order to provide secondary education for boys in Queensland, decades before the Marists or the Jesuits. Offering affordable Catholic education through to senior and university entrance, St Josephs Nudgee College has been important in fostering Catholic upward mobility (social, cultural, economic and political) in Queensland. During the 20th century St Joseph&#39;s Nudgee College developed into a large educational complex. Most of the major structures were designed by prominent Queensland architects and illustrate the evolution of Catholic educational architecture in Queensland. The College remains a boys-only school and the property of the Christian Brothers.</p><br>
<p>The former Main Building, containing the oldest structures on the site, remains the core of the college. From here radiate 20th century developments constructed in response to school growth. The College has rarely had the luxury of building in anticipation of growth; a policy of keeping fees affordable has meant that funds for extensions have seldom been easy to raise.</p><br>
<p>Although Roman Catholics comprised approximately 23.5% of the Queensland population in 1891 when St Joseph&#39;s College at Nudgee was opened, Queensland Government policy disadvantaged Catholic schools. The Grammar Schools Act of 1860 provided government support to Grammar Schools, but not to denominational schools. Although the Education Act of 1860, which established a system of primary schools in Queensland, provided some assistance to non-vested schools, The Education Act (1875) halted government aid to denominational primary schools. Committed to providing access to a Catholic education for all Roman Catholic children in Queensland, the Catholic Church responded by accelerating the development of a network of parochial schools from the mid-1870s.</p><br>
<p>The Christian Brothers, a teaching order founded in Ireland by Edmund Ignatius Rice in the early 19th century, were invited to Queensland by Bishop of Brisbane James OQuinn to assist in the development of Catholic secondary education in Queensland. The Order had established a permanent presence in Australia when Brothers Patrick Ambrose Treacy, John Barnabas Lynch and Dominic Fursey Bodkin immigrated to Melbourne in 1868. When Bishop OQuinns wrote of the urgent need for a teaching order of men in Queensland, Brother Patrick Ambrose Treacy, considered the founder of the Christian Brothers in Australia, responded by establishing a Christian Brothers school in Brisbane in 1875. The Brothers chose land on Gregory Terrace as the site for their school but while awaiting its construction, commenced teaching in 1875 at St Stephens Catholic Church in Elizabeth Street. The school relocated to Gregory Terrace in 1880.</p><br>
<p>St Josephs College on Gregory Terrace functioned initially as a day school, but Bishop OQuinn successfully pressured the Brothers to admit boarders to Gregory Terrace. Archbishop Robert Dunne, who succeeded OQuinn in 1881, continued to press the Brothers to increase accommodation for boarders. The establishment of Catholic boarding schools was not traditional in Ireland, where boarding schools were seen as the province of the elite. In Queensland, OQuinn and Dunne promoted boarding schools as a solution to the vastness of Queensland which had a small population scattered over huge areas far distant from principal urban centres. Boarding schools were a logical choice for rural Catholic boys but southern boarding schools (as in Sydney) were expensive and O&#39;Quinn and Dunne wanted to reach the poorer rural Catholics who comprised the bulk of the Catholic congregation. It was essential that Catholic boarding schools with moderate fees be established in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Despite the construction of a new dormitory wing at the Gregory Terrace school in 1888, accommodation proved inadequate for the increasing number of boarders. In response, Brother Treacy decided to establish a second school specifically to accommodate St Josephs boarders, on land at Nudgee owned by the Order. The site comprised 258 acres situated between Nundah Creek and Cabbage Tree Creek, about 9 miles from the Brisbane central business district, accessed via Sandgate Road and the Sandgate railway line. In addition to this, Treacy purchased 50 acres of adjacent land from Reverend Holme, a Presbyterian minister, obtaining title in May 1890. This included the "Nudgee Mound", which became the site of the Main Building at St Josephs College. In the late 1880s Nudgee was a rural district, convenient to the city but sufficiently isolated and removed from the distractions of town. Proximity to the city had been one of the perceived problems with Gregory Terrace.</p><br>
<h3>Main Building (1890)</h3><br>
<p>The oldest structure in the school is the southern half of the Main Building facing Sandgate Road. Construction commenced in 1890 and the first pupils occupied the building in February 1891.</p><br>
<p>Stombuco and Son were engaged as architects. Andrea Stombuco was a flamboyant Italian sculptor, monumental mason, builder and architect who had travelled extensively as a youth before settling in the Cape Colony, where he owned and operated a stone quarry. He joined briefly in the Victorian gold rush in 1851 before practising as a sculptor, contractor and architect in Victoria. The Catholic Church became his principal patron. In 1869 he was appointed Diocesan Architect for Goulburn in New South Wales, then in 1875 moved to Queensland, possibly at the invitation of Bishop OQuinn. His commissions for the Catholic Church in Queensland included St Josephs Christian Brothers College on Gregory Terrace, Spring Hill (1875-1876 with additions by Stombuco and Son in 1886-1887); St Marys Roman Catholic Presbytery, Ipswich (1876); a church at Laidley (1878); a church at Pine Mountain (1878); St Francis Xavier Church at Goodna (1880-1881); a church at Sandgate (1880-1881); All Hallows Convent School, Petrie Bight (1880-1882); St Patricks Church, Fortitude Valley (1880-1882); and St Vincents Convent and Church, Nudgee (1883-1884). In 1886, he entered into partnership with his eldest son, Giovanni. Churches at Wooloowin (1886) and Kangaroo Point (1887-1888) and a number of prominent private residences were among the buildings designed by the father and son partnership. St Josephs College, Nudgee (1889-1890) was amongst the last of their work in Brisbane. In 1891, experiencing financial difficulty, Andrea Stombuco moved to Perth, where he died in poverty in 1907. His family remained in Queensland. On Andreas departure for Western Australia, his son Giovanni Stombuco took up farming at Kuraby, South of Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>Of the building designed by Stombuco and Son, only part was initially constructed: the tower and a section of the South Wing. The ground floor contained a classroom and the upper two floors held a chapel and dormitories. A temporary galvanised iron building containing four classrooms was erected close to the Main Building, but was removed in 1904. The front grounds appear to have been laid out early in the history of the college. By 1897, and probably much earlier, the heart-shaped lawn with its surrounding carriage way and statue of St Joseph had been established, ornamental trees had been planted and a picket fence had been erected along the Sandgate Road boundary in front of the Main Building.</p><br>
<p>The school accepted its first pupils - 41 junior school boarders relocated from Gregory Terrace - in February 1891. The first principal was Brother Dominic Fursey Bodkin who had come to Australia with Brother Treacy in 1868. Archbishop Dunne was overseas at the time, but after his return he officially opened the College on the 8th May 1891. By this time £12,776 had been spent on constructing and setting up the school.</p><br>
<h3>Dormitory Block (1900)</h3><br>
<p>In 1892 the remaining Gregory Terrace boarders were moved to Nudgee. Enrolments grew rapidly and between 1895 and 1900 the school population almost doubled. To accommodate increasing enrolments a two-storeyed building was constructed behind the Main Building in 1900. This was aligned east-west behind the South Wing of the Main Building and was eventually joined to the South Wing in 1937. The new building provided dormitory accommodation, which then enabled an upper dormitory in the South Wing to be converted into a chapel.</p><br>
<p>By 1903 the principal declared that Nudgee was "the largest boarding institution of its kind in the Commonwealth", evidence of a sizeable Catholic rural population that set Queensland apart from other Australian states.</p><br>
<h3>Main Building (1904)</h3><br>
<p>The northern half of the Main Building, including a section of the North Wing, was finished in 1904. This completed Stombuco and Sons design and the symmetry of the Main Building around the central tower. An arcade across the front of the building, which faced west into the strong afternoon sun, was added to the initial design and the tower was heightened and topped with a dome. The architect for this work was James Percy Cowlishaw (1867-1925), son of one of Brisbanes earliest private architects, James Cowlishaw. The ground floor contained senior classrooms and a students&#39; hall, now known as Ryan Hall. The first floor held a library and both the first and second floors contained dormitories with bathrooms. This wing was opened officially by Queensland Governor Sir Herbert Chermside on 24th June 1904.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century St Josephs College continued to grow and by 1913 enrolments had reached 209. Overcrowding made further extensions a necessity but the College remained heavily in debt. In 1911, the Golden Jubilee celebration for Brother Barrett, a longstanding Christian Brother who had taught for many years at both Gregory Terrace and Nudgee, was made the occasion for the beginning of a fundraising campaign. An appeal was made to the Queensland Catholic community and funds raised by this campaign made it possible to commence work on further extensions including the present chapel, new servants quarters, laundry, kitchen, storerooms and infirmary, as well as the fitting up of science rooms. The new buildings, with the exception of the chapel, were probably located immediately to the south of the Main Building.</p><br>
<h3>Chapel (1914-1916)</h3><br>
<p>Archbishop James Duhig of Brisbane laid the foundation stone for a new chapel on 5th October 1913 as part of the fund raising campaign. Construction commenced late in 1914 and the building was dedicated by Duhig on 25th March 1916.</p><br>
<p>Prominent Catholic architect Thomas Ramsay Hall (later one of the designers of Brisbane City Hall in 1919) was commissioned to design the new chapel. Hall was a Queensland-trained architect, a cadet in the Queensland Public Works Department before joining the architectural firm of FR Hall and RS Dods and then establishing his own practice in 1907. Hall was one of Brisbanes most successful architects of the early 20th century. His collaborations with GG Prentice as Hall and Prentice (1919-1929) and with LB Phillips as Hall and Phillips (from 1929-1948) produced some of Queenslands most important commercial buildings of the first half of the 20th century. His early work included Sandgate Town Hall (1911) and numerous public works designs.</p><br>
<p>Hall designed the new chapel at St Joseph&#39;s College in the Renaissance revival style, to harmonise with the Main Building. Internally he created a light and airy space, with white walls and light stained woodwork. The sanctuary was flanked by Ionic columns of dark red marble and the altar was of grey marble.</p><br>
<h3>Additions (1917-1919)</h3><br>
<p>With the death of Archbishop Dunne in 1917, St Josephs College received an unexpected windfall. Dunne bequeathed £30,000 of Church funds to the Brothers, of which £15,000 was allocated to Nudgee. This financed further building, again made necessary by overcrowding: 285 boys were enrolled in 1917 and even the library was being used as a dormitory. The block constructed in 1900 was extended to include 12 music rooms, teachers rooms, a dentists room, a mens dining room, and a new toilet block. The Dunne Memorial Block (later the Duhig Building) was a substantial two-storeyed structure containing 8 classrooms. Located close to the North Wing of the Main Building, it remained detached until 1975. TR Hall was again engaged as architect. The block was completed in 1919 but no public opening was held due to an influenza epidemic.</p><br>
<p>"Big Ben" is the name applied to a College icon, a large freestanding clock of English manufacture located in a lawn to the east of the Quadrangle. It was reputedly obtained by the Queensland Government in 1895 and exhibited in Brisbane at the Queensland International Exhibition of 1897. Heindorff and Company of Queen Street then purchased the clock, which stood on the Queen Street footpath until the College acquired it in 1917.</p><br>
<h3>Front wall (1930)</h3><br>
<p>In 1930 a substantial front wall with imposing entrance gates was constructed, funded by Brisbane Catholic businessman TC Beirne.</p><br>
<h3>Extensions to the South Wing (1937)</h3><br>
<p>In 1937 the Main Building was linked to the dormitory block constructed in 1900, by three-storeyed extensions to the South Wing. The extension was principally a service block, providing two new locker rooms, new bathroom and lavatory accommodation and on the ground floor, serveries and an extension to the kitchen.</p><br>
<h3>Extensions (late 1950s)</h3><br>
<p>By the late 1950s, overcrowding yet again led to a renewed building program. Contributing to the overcrowding was the increased numbers of boys who were returning after Junior - a reflection of changed social expectations and economic circumstances. Expansion in the senior school was accommodated by further extensions to the Main Building. Two dormitories with shower blocks and new Brothers&#39; rooms were constructed over pre-existing refectory extensions. In addition to these extensions, three new classrooms to the rear of the tennis courts were constructed.</p><br>
<p>The architect for this work was Frank Cullen, a nephew of Archbishop Duhig, who had commenced his career in 1928 as an articled pupil of Hennessy, Hennessy and Co, Brisbane. He established his own practice in 1936. Cullen undertook many works for the Catholic Church in Queensland.</p><br>
<h3>New Senior Secondary School (1965-67)</h3><br>
<p>The largest and most significant structure away from the Main Building is the Senior Secondary School, erected in the mid-1960s. Its construction reflected a statewide rise in secondary school attendance combined with educational reform. In the 1950s Queensland had experienced a rapid growth in secondary student numbers, the outcome of the post-war "baby boom" and increased immigration (including significant numbers of Catholics) combined with national economic growth. These changes together with the educational reforms brought about by the Committee of Inquiry on Secondary Education in 1961, led to increased numbers in the Senior School at St Joseph&#39;s Nudgee College and pressures on the senior curriculum. Improved funding for Catholic Schools from the Federal Government aided the expansion necessary to accommodate these changes.</p><br>
<p>As early as 1959 it was clear that better senior facilities would be needed. Plans for a self-contained complex for the senior school were completed in 1964. It was the largest single building project since construction of the Main Building in 1890 and was estimated to cost £1,000,000. Construction commenced in August 1965. The complex was opened and blessed on the 21 May 1967 and the accommodation section was occupied in July 1967.</p><br>
<p>The original building included the Senior Residence and School but not the Year Eleven Residence. Designed to provide for all senior school requirements, it included accommodation, laundries, classrooms, science laboratories and refreshment facilities. Professor Neville Anderson of the School of Architecture of the University of New South Wales was asked to consult on the project. He had worked for the Christian Brothers at Waverley College in Sydney and spent several days at the school developing the brief. Designing architects were Cullen, Fagg, Hargraves and Mooney, a practice that had carried out many commissions for the Catholic Church. The new Senior School, although similar in scale to the older buildings, was the first major building in the College grounds to depart from the Italianate architectural style adopted by Stombuco and Son in the late 1880s.</p><br>
<h3>Extensions and alterations (mid-1970s)</h3><br>
<p>During a mid-1970s building program the Dunne Memorial Block was joined to the North Wing by the construction of the Junior Sciences Block (now the Gallagher Building) in 1975. The original wooden verandahs on the northern facade of the 1900 South Wing were replaced in concrete and the South Wing was extended east to provide a new infirmary. Construction was plagued by industrial unrest and the main contractor went into liquidation.</p><br>
<h3>Extensions (mid-1980s)</h3><br>
<p>The Main Building reached its current form during a development program that commenced in the mid-1980s. At the beginning of the 1980s, the ever-increasing size of the school and the perennial problem of inadequate funding led to the remodelling of the administration of the school. A business manager was appointed and an Advisory Board established. In 1984, Civil and Civic Pty Ltd commenced work on a Campus Development Strategy and a Foundation was established to raise funds for the proposed developments.</p><br>
<p>Work began on implementing this strategy in 1985. The Quadrangle was refurbished and the following year an administration block was erected to the east of the Dunne Memorial Block. A Manual Arts Block was built in 1987 south of the South Wing. During the summer vacation of 1988-89 the Dunne Memorial Block was converted from two storeys to its present three storeys. The interior was gutted, but the form of the building and the principal facades were retained. A year eleven dormitory designed by Queensland architect Ian Ferrier was added to the Senior School during 1986.</p><br>
<h3>Ancillary Buildings</h3><br>
<p>Most of the ancillary buildings at the college post-date 1975. A range of smaller buildings such as the laundry, storerooms, boiler house and servants quarters were constructed, probably to the south of the Main Building, in the early days of the college. These have been removed or absorbed into the South Wing extensions. The largest and most significant ancillary buildings presently occupying the site include the Library, Tierney Hall, the McKennariey Centre, the Parents and Friends Multipurpose Hall and the Junior Residence.</p><br>
<p>Tierney Hall was constructed in 1975 in response to the need for a gymnasium and large hall in which to hold school functions. The architect for this work was William Douglas and the engineer was John Cavanagh.</p><br>
<p>The Library, named after Monsignor Vincent Cleary, was also built at this time. Monsignor Cleary was an old boy of the college and foundation director of nearby Pius XII Seminary. He died on 8th August 1975, a few days after the library designed by Ian Ferrier was opened.</p><br>
<p>The McKennariey Centre, opened in 1990, contained a range of indoor sporting facilities, health and physical education classrooms, a managers office and a canteen. The Centre was named after Brother Leonard Bede McKennariey, son of the Colleges first pupil and a Christian Brother who had spent many years teaching at Nudgee.</p><br>
<p>The Parents and Friends Multipurpose Hall and the Junior Residence designed by architect Laurie Bertoldi, were opened in February 1995 by Archbishop John Bathersby.</p><br>
<h3>Sporting Facilities</h3><br>
<p>Sport has been a significant focus in St Joseph&#39;s curriculum from its establishment. The College prospectus for 1890 made reference to play- grounds and a gymnasium and by 1896 the main sports field contained about ten acres, with football facilities and cricket pitch. One of the original sports areas was located in the northwest corner of the grounds, north of the Main Building and adjacent to the 1914-16 chapel, in the area now occupied by Ross Oval. A second playing area, down on the flat, was in use by 1927, although it was some distance from the main buildings and flooded during the rainy season.</p><br>
<p>In 1927 the Main Oval near the chapel was levelled, a grandstand was erected and the concrete wicket was replaced by two turf pitches. The name of the oval was changed from Main Oval to Ross Oval in 1978 at the request of the Old Boys Association. John (Jack) Ross (1894-1973) was a prominent and much loved sportsman who had attended Nudgee as a student from 1908 to 1912 and had then taught at the college from 1914 almost to his death.</p><br>
<p>The Colleges second oval, Wilkes Oval, located to the east of Ross Oval, was developed between 1934 and 1935 under the Queensland Governments Unemployment Relief Scheme implemented during the 1930s&#39; economic depression, to provide day work for the long-term unemployed.</p><br>
<p>A swimming pool was also constructed under this scheme. For many years Nudgee Creek had served as the College swimming facility, with a corrugated iron shed and diving platform erected there. In 1935 a 25-metre swimming pool was built in the grounds, close to the southeast corner of Wilkes Oval. The pool remained in use until 1981 when deterioration forced its closure. The present 50 metre McKennariey pool was opened in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The school&#39;s first tennis courts were built in 1907, on the site of the present Edmund Rice Mall. They were dismantled in 1918 and four new courts were erected in 1922 some distance behind the South Wing, in the location of what is now a car park. These were removed in 1991 when the present courts were built.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Setting</h3><br>
<p>Clustered on the highest part of a sprawling 148 hectare site, St Joseph&#39;s Nudgee College is a complex of educational and associated residential buildings constructed from the 1890s to the present. The extensive grounds are located in what is now the suburb of Boondall, a residential area fringed with light industrial and commercial development. The grounds contain, in addition to the school buildings, extensive areas of native wetlands, agricultural plots, pastures, playing fields and other sporting facilities. Despite the intensive development that has taken place around the school since it was first established, parts of the site retain the qualities of the earlier rural setting.</p><br>
<p>The school buildings are concentrated in the most elevated part of the site, an area bounded by Sandgate Road on the west and Northumbria Road to the north. In the most prominent position on the site, adjacent to the intersection, is a sporting field, Ross Oval. Mature trees, including a double row of camphor laurels along Sandgate Road, line the road frontages and contribute to the school&#39;s established garden setting. Located to the south of Ross Oval are the earliest college buildings including the Main Building, the Chapel and the Dunne Building. Substantial masonry edifices in an imposing Italianate style, these buildings are prominent landmarks and the most visible part of the school from the surrounding streets. Initially building work was concentrated in this area but over time has spread to the south and east of the main group of buildings.</p><br>
<h3>Main Building (Cotter and O'Brien Residences)</h3><br>
<p>Facing west towards Sandgate Road, the Main Building is a large three- storey rendered masonry building linked by a colonnade to the adjoining Chapel. Through its size, prominent position and imposing Renaissance Revival style architecture the Main Building dominates the built landscape of the school.</p><br>
<p>The formal entrance to the school, the TC Beirne Memorial Gate, is located directly in front of the Main Building. Consisting of stone pillars surmounted by crosses and fitted with wrought iron gates, it leads to a circular drive that divides the lawn in front of the Main Building. The fence adjoining the TC Beirne Memorial Gate has a stone base and wrought iron panels above. A stone statue of St Joseph is positioned in the lawn in front of the entrance to the Main Building.</p><br>
<p>Originally designed as a symmetrical building, U-shaped in plan and arranged around an east-facing courtyard, the Main Building was built in stages and has had several additions to the original design including the two-storey colonnade on the western front and a substantial L-shaped extension on the south side of the original building. The Main Building has a painted hipped corrugated iron roof with masonry chimneys projecting through the roof. Timber joinery is used throughout the building with the majority of the windows being large double-hung windows.</p><br>
<h4>Western Facade</h4><br>
<p>The original front facade is divided into five bays with the walls and roof of the central and end bays projecting beyond the line of the adjoining structure. The most striking feature of the facade is the two-storey masonry arcade with round arches and pilasters. The arcade elaborates the Renaissance theme of the original design, connects the Main Building to the chapel and protects it from the western sun. The roof of the arcade forms a terrace to the upper level of the Main Building and the parapet, which acts as a balustrade to the roof terrace, incorporates classical balusters.</p><br>
<p>The front entrance and the stair tower are located on the principal axis of the building, in the centre of the original facade. The entrance is emphasised by the projection of the central bay of the arcade, the use of arched and triangular pediments and a gable roof on the upper storey. The tower is situated on the eastern or rear side of the building but an ornamental belvedere on top of the tower is visible from Sandgate Road, above the roofline. The belvedere is an open observatory roofed by a dome on a square base and supported by columns. It now houses a marble statue.</p><br>
<p>The northern facade of the Main Building faces onto a small courtyard that overlooks Ross Oval. The major features of the northern facade are regular rows of double hung timber windows with arched pediments and decorative plaster friezes between each level. The brick-paved courtyard is bounded by the Chapel on the west and a modern classroom block on the east. The classroom block (Gallagher), which abuts the North Wing and a modern colonnade attached to the North Wing are not considered of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h4>Rear Elevations</h4><br>
<p>The rear of the main building faces onto the eastern courtyard. Heavy three storey concrete verandahs, built to replace the narrower original timber verandahs, incorporate the original cast iron panels. The contrasting style and proportion of the concrete verandahs detracts from the original architecture and blocks light out of the stairwell.</p><br>
<p>A two storey masonry block built in 1900, originally dormitories and now finance offices, adjoins the original southern wing and is connected to it by a two storey concrete verandah. An extension at the eastern end of the 1900 block serves as the infirmary.</p><br>
<p>The 1960s&#39; extension at the southern end of the Main Building is the same height and materials as the original building but has fewer decorative features. Arched ornament similar to that used on the original building is found over the windows on one bay of the western facade and one bay of the southern facade. The ground floor of the southern extension contains kitchen and dining facilities.</p><br>
<h4>Interior</h4><br>
<p>The floor of the front entry porch, under the arcade, is raised several steps above the surrounding level. From the entry porch, a pair of timber panelled doors with a decorative glass and timber surround open into an entry vestibule. The vestibule is tiled with multi-coloured tessellated tiles and decorative mouldings including cornice, picture rail and skirting. A set of timber-framed doors at the rear of the vestibule has side panels and a fanlight, all of which are glazed with decorative leadlight. These doors open onto a corridor that runs north south through the building and a stairwell that leads to the upper floors. The corridor, which terminates at the entrance to the former senior classroom at the northern end and at the dining room in the southern extension, leads past a series of smaller rooms on either side of it, including former offices and parlours. In the stairwell opposite the vestibule is a grand marble and timber staircase, square in plan and wrapped around a central void.</p><br>
<p>The stairwell occupies the tower that terminates in the roof top belvedere. A primarily timber structure, the stair has ornamental balusters, carved stringers and marble treads and risers on the flights between ground and first floor. Painted cast iron panels are incorporated into the stair balustrade. Beyond the first floor the stair treads and risers are timber. A narrower stair connects the second floor to a room at the top of the tower under the belvedere.</p><br>
<p>The upper floor levels are similar in plan to the ground floor with rows of rooms accessed from a central corridor. Some larger rooms, such as a former library on the first floor level, occupy the full width of the building and open onto both the arcade on the western side and the eastern verandah. Interior walls are generally masonry with a plaster finish. Some ceilings in larger rooms are pressed metal. The first floor level of the arcade provides access to the choir loft of the Chapel.</p><br>
<h3>Chapel</h3><br>
<p>The Chapel, located adjacent to Ross Oval and abutting the northwest corner of the Main Building, is a rendered masonry structure, with a tiled gable roof. Positioned to the side and in front of the Main Building, the chapel is the closest, in the group of older buildings, to Sandgate Road. Designed in an Italianate style to complement the existing architecture, the Chapel is connected by the two-storey arcade to the Main Building.</p><br>
<p>The Chapel is basically rectangular in plan, with the long axis running east west. Projecting beyond the main walls are three bays, clustered around the western end of the Chapel. These bays consist of a single storey rectilinear bay on each side of the Chapel and a taller semicircular apse on the Sandgate Road or western end. The domed apse, the main decorative feature of the Sandgate Road facade, has a zinc roof incorporating ornamental vents and rendered and banded walls decorated with festoons.</p><br>
<p>Although the Chapel consists principally of a single large double-height space, the facades are divided by the use of classical motifs into two levels. The ornament and detailing of the facades is based on the design of the arcade, which forms the east facade of the Chapel. On the lower level of the north and south facades is a blind arcade of round arches supported on pilasters. The upper level contains a row of tall narrow round arched windows separated by pilasters with Corinthian capitals. The parapet above repeats the classical balusters used on the arcade. An ornate cupola supported by diminutive columns and surmounted with an elaborate metal cross is located in the centre of the ridge of the tiled roof.</p><br>
<p>The main entry to the Chapel, in the centre of the east front, is from the ground level of the arcade. Displayed in the arcade are several memorial plaques including an ornate marble WW1 honour tablet with marble pilasters, modillions, arched top and brass nameplates and a brass WW2 honour board.</p><br>
<p>The entry vestibule is single storey space located under the choir mezzanine. Small rooms, one of which functions as a vestry, open off either side of the vestibule. An arch supported on paired red marble Ionic columns frames the opening from the entry vestibule into the main space of the chapel. A simple double-height space, the interior of the Chapel is symmetrical with a central aisle leading between rows of timber pews, to the high altar.</p><br>
<p>The double-height walls and coffered ceiling are decorated with classical motifs in plaster relief and a multi-coloured paint scheme. Pilasters on the lower part of the wall have Ionic capitals while those on the upper part have Corinthian capitals. High leadlight windows, positioned between pilasters, light the space from above. The choir mezzanine, located at the eastern end overlooking the main space and accessed from the upper level of the arcade, is a curved cantilevered balcony with an ornate timber balustrade.</p><br>
<p>At the western end of the main space a chancel arch, similar to but grander than the entry arch, frames the high altar. The domed semi-circular niche which houses the marble high altar is painted various shades of blue. Single storey bays are attached to the sides of the main space adjacent to the western end. The northern bay contains a marble altar and opens onto the main space through two arches located between pilasters. The southern bay contains a room accessed via timber doors.</p><br>
<h3>Former Dunne (Duhig) Building</h3><br>
<p>The Former Dunne building, a rectangular masonry building with a tiled gable roof, consists of an undercroft with three storeys of classrooms above. Located to the east of, but in line with, the Chapel, it faces Northumbria Road across Ross Oval. Continuing the architectural style established by the Main Building and the Chapel, the Dunne Building has an arched arcade on either side of a projecting central bay and an attached semi-octagonal stair tower as the principal features of its main or northern facade.</p><br>
<p>The rendered masonry walls of the arcade are detailed with simple plaster mouldings. Classical balusters form the balustrade between the arches of the arcade. The base of the building is rendered in a banded pattern with arches opening to the undercroft. The bay in the centre of the symmetrical facade is ornamented with pilasters and narrow stained glass arched windows with decorative pediments. A large pediment with a cross mounted on its apex surmounts the central bay. Adjoining the pediment is a parapet with classical balusters that conceal the edge of the gable roof. The stair tower, which protrudes from the centre of the central bay, has an ornate zinc roof with small arched dormer windows and decorative round and arched stained glass windows. The symmetry of the facade is further emphasized by a set of wide masonry stairs positioned on axis with the stair tower that lead down to Ross Oval.</p><br>
<p>The southern facade of the building is much plainer than the northern facade and overlooks the Former Quadrangle (Edmund Rice Mall), an extension of the courtyard space at the rear of the Main Building. With the exception of the banded base, the walls are simply rendered and painted. The original timber windows have been replaced with aluminium to suit the new floor levels. The gable roof has dormers on its southern face. The tall narrow eastern facade has arched openings and other arched motifs, two storey banded pilasters and a parapet, in the form of a pediment topped with urns and a cross, concealing the gable end. The western facade, which was probably similar to the eastern facade, has been completely obscured by the adjoining Gallagher building.</p><br>
<p>The undercroft can be entered from either the Quadrangle on the south or a terrace overlooking Ross Oval on the north. Toilets and service rooms are located at the eastern and western ends. The main stair is accessed from the undercroft. It has been modified to suit new internal levels but the lower flights remain substantially intact. Slate stair treads are worn and damaged in some areas.</p><br>
<p>The upper floors contain classrooms accessed via a concrete verandah. The interiors of this building, including the verandahs, have been largely rebuilt. Although much of the external wall remains intact, the original classrooms have been removed, floor levels altered and doors and windows replaced. The concrete verandah is set back behind the line of the colonnade with which it no longer aligns. The alterations are not considered to be of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h3>Former Quadrangle (Edmund Rice Mall) and Big Ben</h3><br>
<p>The original east-facing courtyard created by the construction of the Main Building has been further enclosed and extended by later buildings constructed on its northern and southern sides. Surrounded by the Dunne (Duhig) Building and the Gallagher Building on the north, the Main Building on the west, the South Wing and the Infirmary (Health Centre) on the south and the single storey Administration Building on the east, the Edmund Rice Mall is a focus within the school. It is a heavily used and centrally located outdoor space. The irregular shape of the mall and the variety of buildings surrounding it, together with the mixed planting, brick paving and planter boxes and bitumen play areas create an informal atmosphere.</p><br>
<p>Located at the eastern end of the mall is a freestanding metal clock mounted on a pillar. Known as "Big Ben", the clock has a round face enclosed in a cylindrical case that rests on a fluted column with a Corinthian style capital. Elevated on a rectangular stone base, Big Ben is now situated on the lawn in front of the Administration Building.</p><br>
<h3>Ross Oval</h3><br>
<p>Ross Oval, the principal sporting field at the College occupies a very prominent position on the College site adjacent to the intersection of Sandgate Road and Northumbria Road. A single grassed football field, it forms the setting for the northern facades of the Chapel and the Duhig Buildings, which are set on an embankment above the level of the oval. Masonry stairs are set into the embankment in front of the Duhig Building and near the entrance to the Chapel. There is a row of palm trees along the top of the embankment in front of the buildings.</p><br>
<p>The oval is surrounded by a low timber picket fence. A small grandstand is located on the northern side of the oval. The grandstand is a simple timber framed structure with stepped timber seating and a corrugated iron roof.</p><br>
<h3>Wilkes Oval</h3><br>
<p>Wilkes Oval, located on the eastern slope below Ross Oval, is the second most important sporting field at Nudgee College. The original slope has been cut and filled and retaining walls constructed to create the level playing field. Overlooked by the Dunne Building and the Administration Building, Wilkes Oval is bounded by Northumbria Road on the north, various accommodation buildings on the east and a car park and classrooms on the south. A grassy expanse mostly used for playing soccer, it is rimmed by mature trees on the north, east and west.</p><br>
<h3>Former Senior School (Hodda Building)</h3><br>
<p>A predominantly three-storey brick and concrete building, the former Senior School is located to the southeast of the Main Building on a sloping site. Originally consisting of three connected blocks arranged in a zigzag pattern around two landscaped courtyards, the former Senior School was notable for its clear functional layout and abstract facades. The three original blocks consist of a northeast dormitory block, a central dormitory block and a southwest classroom block. Major alterations and additions including a substantial extension to the classroom wing and the addition of a dormitory wing for Year 11 students have obscured the original design.</p><br>
<p>The original facades of the building are composed of a rigorous arrangement of cream brick walls and piers, aluminium framed strip windows, exposed concrete floor structure and flat roofs.</p><br>
<p>The interiors of the building have also been extensively altered.</p><br>
<p>Spaces that retain their original architectural character include the entrance foyers and staircases. The stairs have polished concrete treads and wide timber handrails. The dormitory in the northeast wing retains original roomettes, individual cubicles for sleeping and studying, enclosed by door height brick partition walls.</p><br>
<h3>Remainder of the college grounds</h3><br>
<p>Various ancillary buildings including a library, a number of halls, and staff and maintenance facilities are located around the grounds. Sports facilities in addition to Ross and Wilkes ovals include several sports fields ("the Flats"), tennis and basketball courts, golf course, swimming pool, rifle range and athletics field.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Significant structures for heritage listing include:</p><br>
<p>Former Main Building:</p><br>
<p>Original 1890 building (south wing and central portion including tower) -</p><br>
<p>Extensions to South Wing including 1900 building (Finance Department) and 1937 link</p><br>
<p>North Wing including Ryan Hall (1903-1904)</p><br>
<p>Southern extension</p><br>
<p>Chapel (1914-1916)</p><br>
<p>Former Dunne Building (1917-1919)</p><br>
<p>Former Quadrangle</p><br>
<p>"Big Ben" (1917)</p><br>
<p>Ross Oval and grandstand (1927)</p><br>
<p>Wilkes Oval (1934–35)</p><br>
<p>Structures not of cultural heritage significance include:</p><br>
<p>Gallagher Building (1973)</p><br>
<p>Infirmary (1975)</p><br>
<p>Administration Building (1986)</p><br>
<p>Kitchen extension to Main building (1950s)</p><br>
<p>The Buildings of St Joseph&#39;s Nudgee College were listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 November 2006 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Josephs Nudgee College, opened in 1891, is the oldest purpose-built Catholic boys boarding school in Queensland. Initially established to accommodate the increasing number of boarders enrolling at St Josephs College, Gregory Terrace, the school provides important evidence of the development of residential education in Queensland. The emergence of Nudgee College as a boarding school in the late 19th century is evidence of the size and character of the rural Catholic population of the time. The College remains the premier Catholic boys boarding school in Queensland and is significant for its important contribution to the upward social, cultural, economic and political mobility of Catholics in the Queensland community during the 20th century.The imposing and coherent architectural vision is part of a recognisable style of building (Italianate architecture in an elevated setting) favoured by the Catholic Church in Queensland, especially under Archbishops Robert Dunne and James Duhig, as an expression of Catholic aspirations in an Anglican and Protestant dominated society. Historically, St Joseph&#39;s Nudgee College belongs to a period of major Catholic building with widespread effects on the Queensland landscape and the Brisbane townscape in particular, and is important in illustrating this trend.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>St Joseph&#39;s Nudgee College has developed continuously on a large site and retains most of the original permanent buildings including the former Main Building. The imposing facades, prominent chapel, wide variety of classroom and residential buildings and significant outdoor areas such as the former Quadrangle and Ross and Wilkes ovals are important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a large denominational boarding school in Queensland.The complex is an excellent representation of the evolution of Catholic educational architecture in Queensland over a period of almost one hundred years. The historic core contains the work of several prominent Queensland architects including Andrea Stombuco, James Percy Cowlishaw and Thomas Ramsay Hall, yet remains remarkably cohesive in form, style, materials and scale.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Situated on the "Nudgee Mound", the most prominent and elevated part of the site, the older buildings of the College with their sweeping facades and architecturally cohesive design form a landmark in the northeastern suburbs of Brisbane. The rendered Renaissance revival architecture set in extensive grounds and bounded by established trees is valued for its aesthetic qualities and contribution to the historical character of the area.Ross Oval has been used for sport and recreation from the earliest days of the College and became the primary sports ground for the College after it was leveled and the grandstand built in 1927. The oval is an integral part of the main building complex and makes a significant contribution to its aesthetic appeal.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>St Josephs Nudgee College, has a special association for generations of Catholic families who have sent their sons to this school since 1891. The college is considered the premier Catholic boys boarding school in Queensland, and has a special role in Catholic education in this state.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The College has a strong and special association with the Christian Brothers, the order which founded the College in the late 1880s and who continue their association with the school. Prominent Queensland Catholic churchmen including Brisbane archbishops have had a special association with the development of the College. The Dunne Memorial Block (now Duhig Building) was built from funds bequeathed by Robert Dunne, Brisbane&#39;s first Archbishop. Brisbane Archbishop Bathersby is a graduate of the College.</p><br>
<p>Zamoyski Palace  - a historical building, located by Nowy Świat Street in Warsaw, Poland.</p><br>
<p>From 1667 the owner of the plot was Jan Wielopolski. Between 1744 and 1745 the inheritors of Wielopolski&#39;s possessions reconstructed the palace following designs of architect Piotr Hiż. The owner of the building soon became Franciszek Ksawery Branicki, who commissioned renovation work under Szymon Bogumił Zug.</p><br>
<p>In 1802 the palace was bought by Anna Jadwiga Sapieżyna. Stanisław Staszic would live in the palace until he died there in 1826. In 1839 the palace became property of Andrzej Artur Zamoyski. The new owner commissioned reconstruction works headed by architect Enrico Marconi which gave the building&#39;s present nature. During the January Uprising of 1863, the house was plundered by the Imperial Army. During the interwar period the building housed the Ministry of Interior and Administration (Poland). The palace was damaged during the Warsaw Uprising and rebuilt between 1948 and 1950 without modifying its architectural design.</p><br>
<p>Presently, the palace houses the Faculty of Journalism and Politics of the University of Warsaw, the Institute of Applied Social Sciences, "Artes-Liberales" Faculty, Institute for Scientific Information and Bibliographic Studies of the Historical Faculty of the University of Warsaw.</p><br>
<p>Sakiyama Shell Midden is a Jōmon period archaeological site consisting of a shell midden and the remains of an adjacent settlement located in what is now the city of Miyako, Iwate Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan. It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>The rocky ria coast of Iwate Prefecture was densely settled from the early through late Jōmon period, and the locations of such coastal settlements are often marked by shell middens containing shellfish, fish, animal and whale bones and human-produced artifacts, including earthenware shards, fishing hooks, etc.</p><br>
<p>The Sakiyama Shell Midden is located on a narrow peninsula on the northern end of Miyako Bay, at an altitude of 115 meters above sea level, and approximately 1.5 kilometers from the present coastline. A preliminary survey was conducted in 1924 and in 1956, however urban encroachment in the 1960s destroyed a portion of the site. The remainder only received protection by the national government as a historic site on July 16, 1996.</p><br>
<p>The city of Miyako operates the Miyako City Sakiyama Kaizuka Jomon-mo-mori Museum displaying some of the artifacts uncovered at the site and a reconstruction of a pit dwelling.</p><br>
